{
  "abstract": "Background and aim\n\nThe role of regulatory B cells (Bregs) cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) has been little investigated in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Therefore, we investigated the frequency of circulating Bregs, Tregs cells, and the serum cytokine profile in NSCLC and their association with disease progression.Materials and methods\n\nIn this prospective case-control study, peripheral blood from 40 patients with NSCLC and 40 healthy controls was examined, the frequency of various lymphocyte subsets including Bregs and Tregs was evaluated using flow cytometry. Serum cytokine profile including IL1β, IL6, IL-17, TNF-α, IL10, IL35 and TGF-β1 was measured using Luminex assay.Results\n\nAn increased proportion of Bregs, Tregs, CD8 + T cells, and decreased CD4+/CD8 + ratio was observed in NSCLC patients compared to healthy controls. NSCLC patients with metastasis had a higher frequency of Bregs and Tregs than patients without metastasis. The frequency of Bregs and Tregs was related to the stage and histopathological status. NSCLC patients had significantly higher levels of serum cytokine profile when compared to healthy controls along with a significant association with lymph node metastasis and different TNM stages.Conclusions\n\nPeripheral Bregs, Tregs, and serum cytokine profiles, including proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines were increased among NSCLC patients and may be associated with disease progression and metastasis.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt.",
    "Clinical Pathology Department, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.",
    "Department of Clinical Oncology, Faculty of medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt.",
    "Sohag University medical administration, Sohag, Egypt.",
    "Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt.",
    "Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt.",
    "Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Qena University, Qena, Egypt.",
    "Department of Chest Diseases and Tuberculosis, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt. hendomr@gmail.com.",
    "Department of Chest Diseases and Tuberculosis, Faulty of medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt. hendomr@gmail.com.",
    "Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.",
    "Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.",
    "Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura City, 35516, Egypt.",
    "Department of Medical oncology south Egypt cancer institute Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.",
    "Department of Chest Diseases and Tuberculosis, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 14,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Helal F Hetta"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Asmaa M Zahran"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Emad Eldin Nabil"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Azza A Elkady"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Asmaa M Goda"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Tamer M Soliman"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Abeer Elkady"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7,
        8
      ],
      "name": "Hend M Esmaeel",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0607-5508"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9
      ],
      "name": "Abdelazeem M Algammal",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5580-1559"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        10
      ],
      "name": "Nahed A Mohamed"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        10
      ],
      "name": "Hala M ElBadre"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        11
      ],
      "name": "Hani Alrefai"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        12
      ],
      "name": "Ashraf Elyamany"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        13
      ],
      "name": "Ola A Alkady"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/e9rx627axkjkp.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1186/s12885-026-16464-7",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13670730",
  "id": "e9rx627axkjkp",
  "issns": [
    "1471-2407"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42875749",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2403|T-cell and B-cell Immunology"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221819449",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13670730?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13670730",
  "pmid": "42875749",
  "published": "2026-10-14",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/e9rx627axkjkp.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:46Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42875749",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42875749"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:2403|T-cell and B-cell Immunology",
      "subfield": "immunology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Association of regulatory B, T cells and cytokine production with disease stage in non-small cell lung cancer patients: prospective case control study.",
  "title_text": "Association of regulatory B, T cells and cytokine production with disease stage in non-small cell lung cancer patients: prospective case control study.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:18:46Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/e9rx627axkjkp",
  "venue": "BMC cancer",
  "versions": []
}