{
  "abstract": "Introduction: Digital approaches to articulation assessment are increasingly proposed to expand access to speech-language evaluation, yet the comparability of speech performance elicited by digital and conventional word lists across age groups remains insufficiently understood.\n\nMethods: This study assessed age-specific agreement between Hi-DongDong word list, a novel digital articulation assessment instrument, and the Urimal Test of Articulation and Phonology 2 (UTAP-2), the standard reference in South Korea, in 505 typically developing Korean children aged 2-13 years. Each child's audio recordings were scored by three independent speech-language pathologists on both instruments. Agreement for consonant accuracy measures-Percentage of Consonants Correct (PCC), its revised form, and their totals-and for whole-word correctness was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), Bland-Altman bias and limits of agreement (LoA), and linear mixed-effects models.\n\nResults: Inter-rater reliability was excellent for all metrics (ICC ≥ 0.995). At the population level, no significant instrument-by-age or instrument-by-age² interactions were observed, indicating that the age-related developmental trajectories did not differ significantly between Hi-DongDong and UTAP-2, although PWC showed a significant main effect of instrument, with lower scores for Hi-DongDong than UTAP-2 at the mean-centered age. Individual-level agreement, however, was strongly age-dependent. Low ICC values at ages 9 and 12 co-occurred with narrow LoA and ceiling-compressed scores, identifying them as artifacts of variance restriction rather than true disagreement. In contrast, ages 4 and 7 showed low ICC with wide LoA, reflecting genuine measurement divergence during periods of rapid or transitional phonological development. Among school-age children (7 years and older), bias was negligible (within ±1 percentage point) and LoA were narrow (approximately 8-24 percentage points), whereas preschool-age children showed substantially wider individual-level LoA. Hi-DongDong additionally sustained discriminative sensitivity for both consonants and vowels-including diphthongs-across a wider developmental range than the monophthong-only UTAP-2.\n\nDiscussion: These findings support the use of Hi-DongDong as a complementary articulation word-list assessment across development, while underscoring that the present study evaluated clinician-scored agreement between word lists rather than automated diagnostic performance.\n\nClinical Trial Registration: https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07273370?term=NCT07273370&rank=1, NCT07273370",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea",
    "Department of Rehabilitation, Gyeonggi Provincial Medical Center Anseong, Anseong, Republic of Korea",
    "Department of Rehabilitation, Gyeonggi Provincial Medical Center Icheon, Icheon, Republic of Korea"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jinju Lee"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Sejin Kwon"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Jin Young Ko"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Yulhyun Park"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jaewon Lee"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ju Seok Ryu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jee Hyun Suh"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/e9tg1dd584bej.bib",
  "cited_by": 1,
  "doi": "10.3389/fped.2026.1944143",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13696456/",
  "id": "e9tg1dd584bej",
  "issns": [
    "2296-2360"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2026.1944143",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Original Research"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "3204|Language Development and Disorders"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221565021",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13696456?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13696456",
  "pmid": "42935936",
  "published": "2026-10-12",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/e9tg1dd584bej.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:48Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13696456",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2026.1944143"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:22:24Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42935936",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42935936"
    }
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "journal-openalex:F27",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Age-specific agreement between Hi-DongDong and UTAP-2 articulation assessments in Korean children aged 2–13 years",
  "title_text": "Age-specific agreement between Hi-DongDong and UTAP-2 articulation assessments in Korean children aged 2–13 years",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:33:47Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/e9tg1dd584bej",
  "venue": "Frontiers in Pediatrics",
  "versions": []
}