{
  "abstract": "Neuroinflammation is a key feature of neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s disease, depression or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This study investigates the anti-neuroinflammatory effects of three cardenolide derivatives, digitoxigenin, digitoxigenone, and coroglaucigenin (all at concentrations of 1, 5, 10, and 25 µM), in IL-1β-stimulated human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells. All compounds significantly reduced PGE2 production without affecting cell viability by downregulation of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and microsomal prostaglandin E synthases (mPGES)-1 expression and synthesis. Among them, digitoxigenin notably inhibited phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and suppressed interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 expression and release. These findings demonstrate that cardenolide derivatives exert potent anti-neuroinflammatory effects by at least partially targeting key enzymes of the arachidonic acid pathway and modulating MAPK/NF-κB signaling, highlighting their potential as novel therapeutic candidates for neuroinflammatory diseases. Future research should focus on effects of the cardenolides in mixed-cell cultures, organoids and in vivo experiments, to evaluate possible side effects and the potential in disease models.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany",
    "Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany",
    "Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany",
    "Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Lu Sun"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Matthias Apweiler"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Rami Schulzki"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Christoph W. Grathwol",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0232-3279"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Claus Normann"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Stefan Bräse",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4845-3191"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Bernd L. Fiebich",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9261-6771"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/edev09hbn3t74.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/molecules31193501",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13666663/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "edev09hbn3t74",
  "issns": [
    "1420-3049"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13666663",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2808|Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7215105890",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13666663/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13666663",
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-01",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/edev09hbn3t74.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:31Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13666663",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13666663"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:42Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/molecules31193501",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/31/19/3501"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2808|Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms",
      "subfield": "neurology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Anti-Neuroinflammatory Effects of Cardenolides in IL-1β-Activated SK-N-SH Cells",
  "title_text": "Anti-Neuroinflammatory Effects of Cardenolides in IL-1β-Activated SK-N-SH Cells",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:18:42Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/edev09hbn3t74",
  "venue": "Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)",
  "versions": []
}