{
  "abstract": "Background\n\nAutoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is a rare but potentially life-threatening hematologic immune-related adverse event (irAE) associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). This study reports 3 new cases of ICI-induced AIHA from three medical centers in China and places them in the context of existing literature.Methods\n\nThree patients with AIHA following ICI therapy were identified from The Second Xiangya Hospital, Qilu Hospital, and Nanping First Hospital. A PubMed search up to June 1, 2026, was conducted to collect previously reported cases with sufficient clinical details.Results\n\nA total of 51 cases were analyzed, including three new patients and 48 from published reports. The mean age was 65.2 years, and 47.1% were male. The most common tumor types were melanoma (49.0%) and non-small cell lung cancer (27.5%). Most cases were associated with anti-PD-1 agents, particularly pembrolizumab and nivolumab, and AIHA typically developed early during ICI therapy. Corticosteroids were the primary treatment, with 92.2% achieving hematologic recovery or improvement. Four deaths (7.8%) were attributed to severe hemolysis. All three newly identified patients had pre-existing anemia before ICI initiation.Conclusions\n\nICI-induced AIHA usually occurs early during ICI therapy and responds favorably to corticosteroid-based treatment. Pre-existing anemia in our cases should be regarded as a hypothesis-generating observation rather than evidence of a specific risk factor, underscoring the need for early hemolysis work-up and close monitoring when anemia worsens after ICI exposure.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China.",
    "Department of Oncology, Nanping First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Nanping 353000, China.",
    "Department of Medical Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.",
    "Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China.",
    "Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China.",
    "Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China.",
    "Hunan Cancer Mega-Data Intelligent Application and Engineering Research Centre, Changsha 410011, China.",
    "Department of Oncology, Guilin Hospital of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Guilin 541100, China.",
    "Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China.",
    "Hunan Key Laboratory of Early Diagnosis and Precision Therapy in Lung Cancer, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China.",
    "FuRong Laboratory, Changsha 410078, China.",
    "Changsha Thoracic Cancer Prevention and Treatment Technology Innovation Center, Changsha 410011, China."
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 12,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Aoxi Liang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yuanqiang Wu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Shengchi Chen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Jisheng Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Yue Pan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Yixing Luo"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yue Zeng"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Shijiao Yao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        5
      ],
      "name": "Shuxing Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        6
      ],
      "name": "Chunhong Hu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        7
      ],
      "name": "Xianling Liu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        6,
        8,
        9,
        10,
        11
      ],
      "name": "Fang Wu",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6627-3437"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/edg4xfyn1tkr9.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1093/oncolo/oyag395",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13674544",
  "id": "edg4xfyn1tkr9",
  "issns": [
    "1083-7159",
    "1549-490X"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42853111",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2730|Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221197308",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13674544?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13674544",
  "pmid": "42853111",
  "published": "2026-10-01",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/edg4xfyn1tkr9.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:10Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42853111",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42853111"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2730|Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers",
      "subfield": "oncology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Immune checkpoint inhibitors induced autoimmune hemolytic anemia in patients with malignant cancer.",
  "title_text": "Immune checkpoint inhibitors induced autoimmune hemolytic anemia in patients with malignant cancer.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:18:10Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/edg4xfyn1tkr9",
  "venue": "The oncologist",
  "versions": []
}