{
  "abstract": "Strain RerS4 was isolated from the rhizosphere of the medicinal plant Rehmannia glutinosa and comprehensively identified for its taxonomic status and anti-inflammatory secondary metabolites. Polyphasic taxonomy combined with genome-based analyses, including average nucleotide identity (82.87–85.87%) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (26.7–31.9%), confirmed that RerS4 represents a novel Streptomyces species, designated Streptomyces antiinflammaticus. Eight fermentation media were screened using an IL-6/TNF-α inhibitory bioassay in A549 and THP-1 cells, and GYM I medium with optimal anti-inflammatory activity was adopted for large-scale fermentation. Five secondary metabolites were purified from the fermentation broth, including one undescribed amide (1), alongside four known compounds (2–5). Bioactivity assays indicated that compounds 1 and 5 inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Mechanistically, both compounds suppressed the phosphorylation of p65 (Ser536) and GSK3β (Tyr216) in A549 cells. In THP-1 macrophages, compound 1 selectively targeted p65, while compound 5 inhibited both proteins. qPCR results revealed that compound 1 downregulated pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) and upregulated the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, whereas compound 5 reduced IFN-γ mRNA expression in A549 cells. This study demonstrates that Streptomyces antiinflammaticus is a valuable resource for distinctive anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory natural products.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China",
    "College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Tong Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yu Liang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Feiyan Yang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Yueqing Du"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Jiaqi Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Pengqiang Du"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yanqin Qin"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Hairong He"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/een2f47xr6e03.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/molecules31213869",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "een2f47xr6e03",
  "issns": [
    "1420-3049"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/31/21/3869",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2736|Microbial Natural Products and Biosynthesis"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223974236",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-27",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/een2f47xr6e03.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:42Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/molecules31213869",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/31/21/3869"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2736|Microbial Natural Products and Biosynthesis",
      "subfield": "pharmacology-toxicology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Streptomyces antiinflammaticus from Rehmannia glutinosa Produces Dual Immunomodulatory Metabolites That Upregulate IL-10 and Inhibit GSK3β/NF-κB",
  "title_text": "Streptomyces antiinflammaticus from Rehmannia glutinosa Produces Dual Immunomodulatory Metabolites That Upregulate IL-10 and Inhibit GSK3β/NF-κB",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:18:42Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/een2f47xr6e03",
  "venue": "Molecules",
  "versions": []
}