{
  "abstract": "A notable achievement of the first generation of JWST surveys was the discovery of an abundance of faint high-redshift (z > 4) broad-line active galactic nuclei (AGN) in the Lbol < 1045 erg s−1 regime, previously only accessible at z < 1. The high prevalence of absorption features in their broad hydrogen lines is one of the peculiarities of a significant fraction of this new population. In this paper, we conduct a broad census of Balmer absorption in a sample of 47 Type-1 AGN spanning 2 < z < 7. Accounting for incompleteness of JWST spectroscopic data, we estimate that $44_{-6}^{+21}$ % of Little Red Dots (LRDs) have absorption in Hα while the incidence rate is <25 % (at 2σ) in Little Blue Dots (LBDs). Additionally, R1000 JWST/NIRSpec data is strongly resolution limited, implying an inability to disentangle Doppler broadening in the absorption from optical depth effects. This is alleviated with R2700 observations, although some degeneracies remain. We find a significant correlation between the velocity of the Balmer absorption and the [OIII]5007 narrow line luminosity, suggesting a common driving mechanism. We do not find any other significant correlations (and do not confirm previously claimed correlations) between Balmer absorption and other spectral properties of LRDs (except for the expected correlation between Hα and Hβ absorption velocities). Comparing LRDs, quasars and stellar Hα absorbers, we establish that absorption in both LRDs and broad absorption line quasars is consistent with radiatively driven outflows, echoing the physics of variable stars yet occurring at vastly different scales.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Kavli Institute for Cosmology, University of Cambridge , Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0HA ,",
    "Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge , 19 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE ,",
    "University College London Department of Physics and Astronomy, , Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT ,",
    "Université degli Studi di Firenze Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, , Via G. Sansone 1,I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze ,",
    "INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri , Largo E. Fermi 5, I-50125, Firenze ,",
    "University of Oxford Department of Physics, , Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH ,",
    "Scuola Normale Superiore , Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126 Pisa ,",
    "Astronomy and Mathematics Centre for Astrophysics Research, Department of Physics, , University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB ,",
    "Steward Observatory, University of Arizona , 933 N. Cherry Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721 ,",
    "Space Telescope Science Institute , 3700 San Martin Drive, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 ,",
    "University of California Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics , Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz CA 96054 ,",
    "Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik (MPE) , Gießenbachstraße 1, 85748 Garching ,"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 20,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Ignas Juodz̭balis"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Xihan Ji",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1660-9502"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Francesco D’Eugenio"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Jan Scholtz"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Roberto Maiolino"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Amanda Stoffers",
      "orcid": "0009-0009-5464-3558"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Alessandro Marconi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Elena Bertola"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Andrew J Bunker",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8651-9879"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Stefano Carniani"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Giovanni Cresci"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Emma Curtis-Lake",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9551-0534"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Zheng Ma"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Cosimo Marconcini",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3194-5416"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Eleonora Parlanti"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9
      ],
      "name": "Pierluigi Rinaldi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        10
      ],
      "name": "Brant Robertson"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        11
      ],
      "name": "Hannah Übler"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Giacomo Venturi",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-8349-3055"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Junyu Zhang"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/efg4akeh9hymn.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1093/mnras/stag2131",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "efg4akeh9hymn",
  "issns": [
    "0035-8711",
    "1365-2966"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://academic.oup.com/mnras/advance-article/doi/10.1093/mnras/stag2131/9017889",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [],
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  "pdf_url": "https://academic.oup.com/mnras/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/mnras/stag2131/73264146/stag2131.pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-11-06",
  "publisher": "Oxford University Press (OUP)",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/efg4akeh9hymn.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-07T00:21:00Z",
      "native_id": "10.1093/mnras/stag2131",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://academic.oup.com/mnras/advance-article/doi/10.1093/mnras/stag2131/9017889"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "astronomy",
      "origin": "journal-openalex:3103|Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies",
      "subfield": "stellar"
    }
  ],
  "title": "An (in)complete NIRSpec census of Balmer absorption in Type 1 AGN – radiation-driven outflows in little red dots, quasars and variable stars",
  "title_text": "An (in)complete NIRSpec census of Balmer absorption in Type 1 AGN – radiation-driven outflows in little red dots, quasars and variable stars",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-08T00:21:22Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/efg4akeh9hymn",
  "venue": "Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society",
  "versions": []
}