{
  "abstract": "Occupational lead exposure is a relevant health concern, but the relationships between lead exposure, biomarkers, and individual, occupational, and hygienic characteristics remain incompletely understood. This study investigated associations between blood lead (Pb) and zinc-protoporphyrin (ZnPP) levels and occupational, clinical, individual, lifestyle, and hygiene-related characteristics in 464 exposed workers. Occupational and individual data were collected and statistically analyzed to identify associations between biomarkers and categorical or continuous variables. Blue-collar and maintenance workers showed significantly higher blood Pb levels than white-collar workers (11.07 and 10.42 vs. 4.81 µg/dL). Unadjusted analyses showed higher blood Pb levels among forklift users and workers in production units 1 and 2. No statistically significant differences in ZnPP were observed across the occupational categories examined. Female sex, non-smoking status, and longer hair were associated with lower Pb levels. Exploratory multivariable analyses identified associations of ZnPP with hypertension and physical activity, but the model explained only 3.65% of its variance. As expected, due to the low concentrations of xenobiotics detected, a weak association was observed between blood Pb and ZnPP. Overall, the findings suggest modest associations between biomarker levels and select individual/occupational characteristics (such as hair length and forklift use). Given the low proportion of explained variance, these exploratory observations should be interpreted with caution and warrant further research.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy.",
    "Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Viale Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.",
    "Environmental Research Centre, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri S.p.A. S.B., Via Atene 935010, Perarolo di Vigonza, 27100 Padova, Italy."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Loreta Tobia"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Riccardo Mastrantonio",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0465-3784"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Mario Muselli"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Giorgia Nobili"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Danilo Cottica"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Vincenza Cofini",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1107-418X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Stefano Necozione"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Leila Fabiani",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0597-1450"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/efqywm4etvcqn.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/toxics14100922",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13709819",
  "id": "efqywm4etvcqn",
  "issns": [
    "2305-6304"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42931709",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2307|Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7222941762",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13709819?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13709819",
  "pmid": "42931709",
  "published": "2026-10-18",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/efqywm4etvcqn.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:22:01Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42931709",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42931709"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2307|Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity",
      "subfield": "pharmacology-toxicology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Workers' Behavior and Hygienic Parameters Related to Blood Lead Levels: A Cross-Sectional Biomonitoring Study in an Italian Automotive Plant.",
  "title_text": "Workers' Behavior and Hygienic Parameters Related to Blood Lead Levels: A Cross-Sectional Biomonitoring Study in an Italian Automotive Plant.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:22:01Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/efqywm4etvcqn",
  "venue": "Toxics",
  "versions": []
}