{
  "abstract": "Background/Objectives: Royal jelly is a biologically active bee product with a complex chemical composition and diverse biological properties. This study aimed to comprehensively characterize the phytochemical composition of royal jelly and evaluate its antioxidant capacity, enzyme-inhibitory abilities, and potential molecular interactions with target enzymes. Methods: The phytochemical profile of royal jelly was characterized using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined spectrophotometrically. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH•, ABTS•+, and DMPD•+ scavenging assays, together with Fe³⁺, CUPRAC, and FRAP reducing methods. Enzyme-inhibitory abilities were assessed against human carbonic anhydrase I and II (hCA I and hCA II), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), α-glucosidase, and α-amylase. Molecular docking analyses were subsequently performed to investigate the interactions of major identified compounds with enzyme active sites. Results: LC-MS/MS analysis revealed a diverse profile of phenolic and flavonoids, including quinic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, apigenin, luteolin, kaempferol, and amentoflavone. Royal jelly exhibited considerable antioxidant activity, with IC₅₀ values of 29.33, 29.20, and 21.65 μg/mL in the DPPH•, ABTS•+, and DMPD•+ scavenging assays, respectively. It also demonstrated notable reducing capacity in Fe³⁺ reduction (0.702 μg/mL), CUPRAC (1.444 μg/mL), and FRAP (0.964 μg/mL) assays. Significant inhibitory ability was observed against hCA I (1.12 μg/mL), hCA II (1.33 μg/mL), AChE (1.44 μg/mL), BChE (1.52 μg/mL), α-glucosidase (2.04 μg/mL), and α-amylase (2.11 μg/mL). Docking analyses indicated that major constituents, particularly quinic acid, could interact with key catalytic residues through hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions. Conclusions: Royal jelly possesses a rich polyphenolic profile accompanied by substantial antioxidant and multi-target enzyme-inhibitory abilities. These findings provide biochemical and molecular evidence supporting the potential of royal jelly as a functional food and nutraceutical ingredient and highlight its value as a source of bioactive compounds for further pharmacological investigation.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Bee and Bee Products, Institute of Science, Bingöl University, 12000 Bingöl, Türkiye.",
    "Bee and Natural Products R&D and P&D Application and Research Center, Bingöl University, 12000 Bingöl, Türkiye.",
    "Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bingöl University, 12000 Bingöl, Türkiye.",
    "Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bingöl University, 12000 Bingöl, Türkiye.",
    "Institute of Health Sciences, Ankara University, 06100 Ankara, Türkiye.",
    "Faculty of Agriculture, Vocational School of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Bingöl University, 12000 Bingöl, Türkiye.",
    "Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Dicle University, 21280 Diyarbakır, Türkiye.",
    "Department of Pharmacy Services, Vocational School of Health Services, Harran University, 63000 Şanlıurfa, Türkiye.",
    "Medical Services and Techniques Department, Vocational School of Health Services, Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University, 04100 Ağrı, Türkiye.",
    "Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University, 04100 Ağrı, Türkiye.",
    "Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University Rectorate, 04100 Ağrı, Türkiye.",
    "Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Türkiye."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 9,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Ebubekir İzol",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0788-4999"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Ülkü Yerebasan",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2369-866X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Esma Kayaoğlu",
      "orcid": "0009-0007-5605-1842"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Münire Turhan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Mustafa Abdullah Yılmaz",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4090-7227"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Adem Necip",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2092-7829"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Rüya Sağlamtaş",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4400-2302"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9
      ],
      "name": "Hülya Akıncıoğlu",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5453-0953"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        10,
        11
      ],
      "name": "İlhami Gülçin",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5993-1668"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/efx5752p3fchq.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/metabo16100729",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13707066",
  "id": "efx5752p3fchq",
  "issns": [
    "2218-1989"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42941205",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1109|Bee Products Chemical Analysis"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7214738333",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13707066?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13707066",
  "pmid": "42941205",
  "published": "2026-09-29",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/efx5752p3fchq.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:22:24Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42941205",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42941205"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:1109|Bee Products Chemical Analysis",
      "subfield": "zoology-behaviour"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Molecular Docking, Metabolite Profile, In Vitro Antioxidant, Anticholinergic, Antidiabetic, and Antiglaucoma Properties of Royal Jelly.",
  "title_text": "Molecular Docking, Metabolite Profile, In Vitro Antioxidant, Anticholinergic, Antidiabetic, and Antiglaucoma Properties of Royal Jelly.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:22:24Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/efx5752p3fchq",
  "venue": "Metabolites",
  "versions": []
}