{
  "abstract": "Scaling quantum control for atoms, ions, and solid-state emitters requires gigahertz-frequency spectral control of high-power visible light in a volume-manufacturable platform. Silicon nitride photonics provides high power handling and CMOS-foundry compatibility but has no intrinsic mechanism for high-speed modulation. Integration with piezoelectric materials enables acousto-optic phase modulation, and mechanical resonant enhancement has made it efficient at gigahertz frequencies. However, a single resonance restricts the modulation waveform to a single tone, imposing Bessel-function sideband amplitudes and limiting frequency-shifting efficiency to 33.9%. Here we engineer a silicon nitride acousto-optic microstructure to support harmonically spaced resonances at 1.14 GHz and 2.28 GHz, each strongly optomechanically coupled to a 730 nm guided optical mode, so that tailored non-sinusoidal modulation waveforms can be resonantly synthesized. By piezoelectrically controlling the two mechanical amplitudes and their relative phase, we demonstrate 50% conversion to one sideband (1.5x the single-tone theoretical maximum), a flat seven-line comb, and a frequency shift with 60 dB carrier and 53 dB image suppression - to our knowledge the highest reported for an integrated modulator. The devices are fabricated in a 200 mm CMOS foundry, and we measure 91.7% yield without post-fabrication tuning across 36 devices from three wafers. We also show how the technique can be straightforwardly scaled to three or more harmonics. This result overcomes the trade-off between resonant enhancement and spectral programmability, with important consequences including improved single-qubit gate efficiency for hyperfine qubits.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": "2609.25593",
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Jacob M. Freedman"
    },
    {
      "name": "Matthew J. Storey"
    },
    {
      "name": "Daniel Dominguez"
    },
    {
      "name": "Andrew Leenheer"
    },
    {
      "name": "Nils T. Otterstrom"
    },
    {
      "name": "Matt Eichenfield"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/eg344bgpar48z.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2609.25593",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "eg344bgpar48z",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.25593",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": "CC0-1.0",
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "arxiv",
      "physics.optics"
    ],
    [
      "arxiv",
      "quant-ph"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "3107|Optical and Acousto-Optic Technologies"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7214106209",
  "pdf_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.25593",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-09-22",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/eg344bgpar48z.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:23:39Z",
      "native_id": "2609.25593",
      "source": "arxiv",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.25593"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "physics",
      "origin": "arxiv:physics.optics",
      "subfield": "optics-photonics"
    },
    {
      "field": "physics",
      "origin": "arxiv:quant-ph",
      "subfield": "quantum"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Resonant multi-harmonic acousto-optics for programmable frequency control of visible light in a CMOS platform",
  "title_text": "Resonant multi-harmonic acousto-optics for programmable frequency control of visible light in a CMOS platform",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:23:39Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/eg344bgpar48z",
  "venue": "arXiv",
  "versions": []
}