{
  "abstract": "The strong nitrogen (N) features observed in high-redshift galaxies, such as GN-z11, with JWST point to an efficient source of N production in the early Universe. Very massive stars (VMSs) are promising candidates owing to their strong winds and large convective cores of CNO-processed material. Whether massive-star surfaces in general become N-enriched depends on the interplay of convective-boundary mixing (overshooting), rotation, and mass loss, which remains poorly constrained. Using a grid of MESA evolutionary models, we isolate the overshooting and rotation channels at $40$, $100$, and $200\\,M_\\odot$ and investigate how these channels bring N-rich material to the surface of massive and very massive stars as a function of initial mass and metallicity. We also construct a synthetic Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) population based on a larger initial mass grid ranging from $20-300\\,M_\\odot$ for comparison with the observed N-enriched fraction. VMS surface enrichment is remarkably robust across cosmic metallicity. At lower metallicities, wind stripping is weaker and the overshooting channel shuts off entirely, yet a modest amount of rotation of $\\sim90\\,\\mathrm{km\\,s^{-1}}$ alone still enriches the surface. At higher metallicity, stronger winds dominate and uncover the core almost independently of the adopted mixing. The two channels operate through physically distinct mechanisms: overshooting enriches the surface only once winds strip the envelope down into the N-rich layers left by the receding core, giving an abrupt jump. Rotation, by contrast, mixes N outward continuously through the layers above the core, producing a gradual rise. Applied to the LMC, a population with modest rotation drawn from the observed velocity distribution and modest overshooting reproduces the observed N-enriched fraction without large core boundary mixing efficiencies otherwise required by non-rotating models.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": "2611.03798",
  "author_total": 2,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Gautham N. Sabhahit"
    },
    {
      "name": "Jorick. S Vink"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/egam69xnhpxcw.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2611.03798",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "egam69xnhpxcw",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2611.03798",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-SA-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": "CC0-1.0",
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "arxiv",
      "astro-ph.GA"
    ],
    [
      "arxiv",
      "astro-ph.HE"
    ],
    [
      "arxiv",
      "astro-ph.SR"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2611.03798",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-11-02",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/egam69xnhpxcw.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-04T15:21:25Z",
      "native_id": "2611.03798",
      "source": "arxiv",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2611.03798"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "astronomy",
      "origin": "arxiv:astro-ph.GA",
      "subfield": "galaxies"
    },
    {
      "field": "astronomy",
      "origin": "arxiv:astro-ph.HE",
      "subfield": "high-energy-astrophysics"
    },
    {
      "field": "astronomy",
      "origin": "arxiv:astro-ph.SR",
      "subfield": "stellar"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Surface Nitrogen enrichment from the LMC to the Early Universe: the roles of rotation, overshooting and mass loss",
  "title_text": "Surface Nitrogen enrichment from the LMC to the Early Universe: the roles of rotation, overshooting and mass loss",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-06T18:21:01Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/egam69xnhpxcw",
  "venue": "arXiv",
  "versions": []
}