{
  "abstract": "The outskirts of galaxies retain fossil records of their assembly history and are dominated by old stellar populations shaped by tidal interactions, accretion events, and environmental processes. Observing these low-surface-brightness (LSB) regions in the near-infrared (NIR), particularly in the $K_s$ band, is crucial for tracing evolved stars and minimising the effects of dust. Yet, ground-based NIR studies of faint extended structures remain challenging because of the bright and variable sky background and complex detector systematics. To overcome these limitations, we developed NASIM, the Near-infrared Automated low Surface brightness reduction In Maneage pipeline, a fully automated and reproducible framework designed to recover faint structures in VISTA/VIRCAM data. Using GNU Astronomy Utilities (Gnuastro), NASIM corrects large-scale flat-field patterns and instrumental signatures across the VIRCAM detectors while preserving LSB emission that can be strongly suppressed in conventional NIR reductions. We apply NASIM to $K_s$-band imaging of the Euclid Deep Field South through the KEDFS programme, a key region also targeted by Rubin/LSST and Euclid. The final reduction reaches a surface-brightness limit of $μ_{K_s} \\simeq 27.7$ mag arcsec$^{-2}$, measured at $3σ$ over 100 arcsec$^2$, approximately 67 times deeper than 2MASS and 11 times deeper than VHS in surface-brightness sensitivity. Direct comparisons with publicly available VISTA products show that NASIM preserves diffuse emission without substantially compromising compact-source depth. These results open a deep NIR view of faint galaxy outskirts, LSB galaxies, and intracluster light, providing a reproducible ground-based foundation for future studies of the faint Universe.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": "2609.12934",
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Elham Saremi"
    },
    {
      "name": "Ignacio Trujillo"
    },
    {
      "name": "Mohammad Akhlaghi"
    },
    {
      "name": "Zohreh Ghaffari"
    },
    {
      "name": "Johan H. Knapen"
    },
    {
      "name": "Manda Banerji"
    },
    {
      "name": "Helmut Dannerbauer"
    },
    {
      "name": "Sébastien Comerón"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ejvedhbmz4n3f.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2609.12934",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "ejvedhbmz4n3f",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.12934",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "LicenseRef-arXiv-nonexclusive-1.0",
  "licence_label": "arXiv licence",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/",
  "metadata_licence": "CC0-1.0",
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "arxiv",
      "astro-ph.GA"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "3105|Astronomy and Astrophysical Research"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7212759038",
  "pdf_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.12934",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-09-11",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ejvedhbmz4n3f.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:21:07Z",
      "native_id": "2609.12934",
      "source": "arxiv",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.12934"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "astronomy",
      "origin": "arxiv:astro-ph.GA",
      "subfield": "galaxies"
    }
  ],
  "title": "The Infrared Glow of Galactic Outskirts: A New Window with NASIM",
  "title_text": "The Infrared Glow of Galactic Outskirts: A New Window with NASIM",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:21:07Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ejvedhbmz4n3f",
  "venue": "arXiv",
  "versions": [
    {
      "doi": "10.1017/s1743921326108205",
      "pid": null,
      "relation": "published-as",
      "title": null,
      "venue": null
    }
  ]
}