{
  "abstract": "The design of binder-free catalyst materials that can be manufactured in a scalable manner and utilized in gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) remains a critical bottleneck for further advancement of CO2-to-formate electrolysis. Here, direct chronopotentiometric electrodeposition from a choline chloride:ethylene glycol deep eutectic solvent (DES) was applied to manufacture conformal, nanowire-like bismuth catalyst layers on commercial GDE substrates (Bi/GDE). These materials demonstrate a significantly improved catalytic activity per mass, compared with the conventional aqueous deposition method, as they showed uncompromised catalytic activity at a 6-times lower mass loading. Insight into the electrochemical surface restructuring mechanism was gained by combining ICP-MS dissolution analysis with in situ Raman spectroscopy. It could be shown that both DES and aqueous-derived catalysts undergo an identical Bi2O3 → Bi2O2CO3 → Bi0 restructuring sequence, converging to a common hierarchical nanoflower active phase morphology with equivalent charge-transfer resistance, demonstrating that the activated state, not the initial morphology, governs selectivity. Both catalysts deliver high formate faradaic efficiencies at 100 mA cm−2 (96.8% for the DES- and 93.7% for the aqueous-derived electrode), with the DES electrode achieving a mass-normalised activity for formate production of 166.9 mA mgBi−1. The electrodeposition process could be scaled to 150 cm2 substrates while maintaining a formate faradaic efficiency of 95.5%. Operation at 100 mA cm−2 is extended to 48 h of total elapsed time, corresponding to 32 h of cumulative electrolysis, through a periodic electrolysis swing protocol that mitigates GDE flooding, identified as the primary degradation pathway, while intrinsic catalyst stability showed no decline. This work establishes DES electrodeposition directly on GDEs as a material-efficient and inherently scalable route to high-performance Bi/GDE catalysts, and reveals electrochemical activation history as the key design parameter for CO2-to-formate conversion.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Institute of Applied Physics, Vienna University of Technology 1040 Vienna Austria",
    "Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune 411008 India",
    "Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark 2800 Lyngby Denmark"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 9,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Anil Kumar Sihag"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Yashraj Kumar Singh",
      "orcid": "0009-0008-1744-8916"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Esraa Kotob"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Sarah Zulfa Khairunnisa"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Markus Ostermann"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Olga Guselnikova"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Markus Valtiner",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5410-1067"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Maryam Abdinejad",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9279-3815"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Christian M. Pichler",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7686-7215"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/enkak3ka9mq7p.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1039/d6ta04799h",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13720869/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "enkak3ka9mq7p",
  "issns": [
    "2050-7488",
    "2050-7496"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13720869",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Chemistry"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2105|CO2 Reduction Techniques and Catalysts"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221542543",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": "PMC13720869",
  "pmid": "42964911",
  "published": "2026-10-12",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/enkak3ka9mq7p.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T12:21:36Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13720869",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13720869"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-03T12:21:40Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13720869",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1039/d6ta04799h"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "heading:Chemistry",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Electrodeposited bismuth nanomaterials as binder free and scalable catalysts for highly selective CO2 to formate conversion",
  "title_text": "Electrodeposited bismuth nanomaterials as binder free and scalable catalysts for highly selective CO2 to formate conversion",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-03T12:21:40Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/enkak3ka9mq7p",
  "venue": "Journal of materials chemistry. A",
  "versions": []
}