{ "abstract": "Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains the leading cause of lung cancer–related mortality, largely driven by aberrant activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Despite the clinical success of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), intrinsic and acquired resistance, coupled with safety concerns, highlight the need for novel, safer inhibitors. Natural products represent an underexplored source of structurally diverse bioactive compounds with favorable biocompatibility. In this study, a comprehensive in silico approach is used to evaluate phytochemicals from Adenium obesum as potential candidate EGFR-targeting compound. Initially, sixteen phytochemicals were first assessed for predicted antineoplastic activity using PASS. High-scoring molecules were docked against the EGFR kinase domain (PDB ID: 1M17), besides performed detailed protein–ligand interaction analysis, drug-likeness and ADMET profiling, toxicity prediction and 100-ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. PASS-based bioactivity prediction revealed strong anticancer potential among the sixteen screened compounds, with consistently high antineoplastic and antiproliferative activity probabilities (Pa > 0.79) and low inactivity scores, supporting their selection for subsequent docking, ADMET, and molecular dynamics analyses. Next, several phytochemicals exhibited strong docking affinities, with Cardenolide achieving the highest binding score (–9.9 kcal/mol) and forming stable interactions with key catalytic residues. A 100-ns MD simulation confirmed the structural stability, persistent binding, and dynamic integrity of the EGFR–Cardenolide complex under physiological conditions. Importantly, interaction mapping revealed that Cardenolide engages conserved and functionally critical regions of the EGFR kinase domain associated with catalytic activity and structural stability, supporting its mechanistic relevance as an ATP-competitive scaffold. Additionally, predicted pharmacokinetic and toxicity profiles further supported Cardenolide’s suitability as a drug-like candidate. Collectively, these results identify Cardenolide as a computationally prioritized candidate with favorable predicted EGFR-binding characteristics, structural stability, and physicochemical and toxicity profiles. However, as the present study is based entirely on computational analyses, these findings should be considered hypothesis-generating and do not establish EGFR inhibitory activity or therapeutic efficacy. Experimental validation, including biochemical kinase inhibition and cellular assays, is therefore required to determine the actual EGFR inhibitory potential and anticancer activity of Cardenolide. Nevertheless, the findings provide a rational basis for prioritizing Cardenolide for further experimental investigation and illustrate the potential of Adenium obesum phytochemicals as a source of candidate EGFR-targeting compounds for future NSCLC drug discovery.", "abstract_shown": true, "affiliations": [ "College of Agricultural Sciences, IUBAT—International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh", "Barind Medical College & Hospital, Rajshahi, Bangladesh", "Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh", "Department of General Medicine, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India", "Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, IUBAT—International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh" ], "article_type": "Research Article", "arxiv": null, "author_total": 12, "authors": [ { "affs": [ 0 ], "name": "Md. Naziur Rahman" }, { "affs": [ 1 ], "name": "Abu Yousuf Hossin" }, { "affs": [ 2 ], "name": "Shahriar Mannan Imon Talukder" }, { "affs": [ 3 ], "name": "Mt. Sumaiya Siddika" }, { "affs": [ 4 ], "name": "Md. Harun-Ur-Rashid" }, { "name": "Shahanaz Parveen" }, { "name": "Md. Ridwanul Islam" }, { "name": "Md. Yeamin Hossain" }, { "name": "Mahfuj Ahmed" }, { "name": "Brototi Chakraborty Dyuti" }, { "name": "Zarin Tabassum" }, { "name": "Ajoy Kumer" } ], "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ep0nzehh8px3m.bib", "cited_by": 0, "doi": "10.1371/journal.pone.0357096", "fulltext_url": null, "id": "ep0nzehh8px3m", "issns": [ "1932-6203" ], "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0357096", "language": null, "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_source": "journal", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "metadata_licence": null, "native_subjects": [ [ "openalex", "1703|Computational Drug Discovery Methods" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Biochemistry/Biochemical simulations" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Biochemistry/Plant biochemistry/Phytochemicals" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Computational biology/Biochemical simulations" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Physiology/Physiological parameters/Body weight/Obesity" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Plant science/Plant biochemistry/Phytochemicals" ], [ "plos", "/Biology and life sciences/Toxicology/Predictive toxicology" ], [ "plos", "/Medicine and health sciences/Oncology/Cancers and neoplasms/Lung and intrathoracic tumors/Non-small cell lung cancer" ], [ "plos", "/Medicine and health sciences/Pathology and laboratory medicine/Toxicology/Predictive toxicology" ], [ "plos", "/Medicine and health sciences/Pharmacology/Drug interactions" ], [ "plos", "/Medicine and health sciences/Pharmacology/Pharmacokinetics" ], [ "plos", "/Physical sciences/Chemistry/Computational chemistry/Molecular dynamics" ], [ "plos", "/Physical sciences/Chemistry/Phytochemistry/Phytochemicals" ] ], "openalex": "W7204816904", "pdf_url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0357096&type=printable", "pmcid": null, "pmid": null, "published": "2026-08-31", "publisher": "Public Library of Science", "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ep0nzehh8px3m.ris", "sources": [ { "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:02Z", "native_id": "10.1371/journal.pone.0357096", "source": "plos", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0357096" } ], "subjects": [ { "field": "medicine", "origin": "plos:toxicology", "subfield": "pharmacology-toxicology" } ], "title": "Computational identification and evaluation of Adenium obesum phytochemicals as potential EGFR inhibitors for targeted therapy against non-small-cell lung cancer", "title_text": "Computational identification and evaluation of Adenium obesum phytochemicals as potential EGFR inhibitors for targeted therapy against non-small-cell lung cancer", "type": "peer-reviewed", "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:18:02Z", "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ep0nzehh8px3m", "venue": "PLOS One", "versions": [] }