{
  "abstract": "Surgical performance has traditionally been evaluated through clinical outcomes, while technical execution—reflected in instrument motion and applied force, currently merged through the clinician’s dexterity—remains largely unquantified. Artificial intelligence–integrated robotic platforms may provide objective measures of biomechanical and motion-related variables. This narrative review synthesizes evidence on instrument movement and force control during robot-assisted surgery and considers how these measures characterize surgeon–robot interaction. It uses surgeon–robot coupling to organize these variables while recognizing that no validated composite metric currently exists. The reviewed evidence suggests that AI-integrated robotic platforms may support motion stability, positional accuracy, and process efficiency while limiting excessive force application throughout complex interventions. Despite limitations such as force-feedback latency and limited contextual integration, AI-driven robotic technologies show potential to support better clinical outcomes, procedural safety, and technical training across precision-dependent operative disciplines, with direct dental evidence concentrated primarily in robotic implant surgery and broader maxillofacial applications remaining limited.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Dept. of Cariology and Comprehensive Care, NYU College of Dentistry, NY, NY, United States",
    "Research Technology Services GenAI, NYU IT, NY, NY, United States",
    "Dept. of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, NY, NY, United States",
    "Dept. of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, NYU College of Dentistry, NY, NY, United States; Corresponding author at: Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States.",
    "Dept. of Prosthodontics, NYU College of Dentistry, NY, NY, United States; Corresponding author at: Department of Prosthodontics, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States."
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Syed Immad (Immad) Shah"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Marij W. Janjua"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Olivia Metzger"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Tal Sahar"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Makesh Srinivasan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Rui Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Thomas G. Wiedemann"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Young K. Kim"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/eppb0dfkc1ydd.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1016/j.dentre.2026.100440",
  "fulltext_url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772559626002798",
  "id": "eppb0dfkc1ydd",
  "issns": [
    "2772-5596"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dentre.2026.100440",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "lcc",
      "RK1-715"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2210|Teleoperation and Haptic Systems"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223088942",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-30",
  "publisher": "Elsevier",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/eppb0dfkc1ydd.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T13:47:24Z",
      "native_id": "ee59267257c746809f01f9c4887cf34f",
      "source": "doaj",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dentre.2026.100440"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "lcc:RK1-715",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Surgeon–robot coupling through motion and force analysis in oral and maxillofacial robotic surgery",
  "title_text": "Surgeon–robot coupling through motion and force analysis in oral and maxillofacial robotic surgery",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T13:47:24Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/eppb0dfkc1ydd",
  "venue": "Dentistry Review",
  "versions": []
}