{
  "abstract": "Here, we discuss an extension of the modelling of the collisionless heat flux and the related parameter α , derived by Hollweg for a truncated Maxwellian to distributions with suprathermal tails. In the collisionless solar wind plasma, electrons and ions are described by a multitude of non-Maxwellian (nonequilibrium) velocity distributions, such as the standard, regularized κ , and Druyvesteyn distributions. We show that for these nonidealized distributions, the heat flux and the related parameter α can deviate significantly from the Maxwellian values derived by Hollweg. It is also shown that the heat flux is best described using a form that does not directly involve the truncation speed. Furthermore, we discuss the applicability of these distribution models for the nonrelativistic case, which constrains the κ values for the standard κ distribution to values above 4. In addition, we provide the possibility to easily obtain the heat flux parameter for a given solar wind environment.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Ruhr-Universität Bochum",
    "Ilia State University",
    "KU Leuven",
    "University of Maria Curie-Skłodowska"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 5,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Klaus Scherer",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9530-1396"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Lukas Westrich",
      "orcid": "0009-0000-2739-5418"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Marian Lazar",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8508-5466"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Horst Fichtner",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9151-5127"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Stefaan Poedts",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1743-0651"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ere8y4a5act77.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3847/1538-4357/ae993f",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "ere8y4a5act77",
  "issns": [
    "1538-4357",
    "0004-637X"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ae993f",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "feed-journal",
      "astronomy/general"
    ]
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  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ae993f/pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-11-06",
  "publisher": "American Astronomical Society",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ere8y4a5act77.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-06T06:20:02Z",
      "native_id": "10.3847/1538-4357/ae993f",
      "source": "feed-iop",
      "url": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ae993f"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-06T12:20:52Z",
      "native_id": "10.3847/1538-4357/ae993f",
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      "url": "https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/ae993f"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "astronomy",
      "origin": "journal-openalex:3103|Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies",
      "subfield": "stellar"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Collisionless Electron Heat Flux for the Nonequilibrium Solar Wind Plasma: Revisiting Hollweg’s Parameter",
  "title_text": "Collisionless Electron Heat Flux for the Nonequilibrium Solar Wind Plasma: Revisiting Hollweg’s Parameter",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-08T00:21:13Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ere8y4a5act77",
  "venue": "The Astrophysical Journal",
  "versions": []
}