{
  "abstract": "High photovoltaic (PV) penetration in distribution networks can be limited by voltage rise, unbalance, harmonics, thermal loading, and converter-current constraints before the available solar resource is fully utilized. Battery energy storage systems (BESS) and electric vehicle (EV) flexibility can relieve some of these limits, but their contribution depends on battery state, degradation, converter headroom, mobility, communications, and point of common coupling requirements. This critical review asks when artificial intelligence (AI) improves the use of stationary and mobile battery flexibility under those constraints. The synthesis compares these engineering dimensions qualitatively and includes a source-level comparison of 30 selected sources, together with focused comparisons of battery technologies and AI constraint-enforcement methods. Across the reviewed evidence, fast reactive and waveform-support services are often constrained by converter current more directly than by battery energy, whereas energy shifting and vehicle-to-grid operation are strongly affected by state of charge, availability, efficiency, and aging. AI is most defensible as a forecasting, estimation, and supervisory layer; it does not replace electrical feasibility or battery safety limits. Usable PV energy, meaning energy delivered after curtailment, conversion losses, and battery constraints, is not the same quantity as a larger nominal hosting-capacity rating. The review therefore recommends reporting net recovered PV energy together with compliance margin, converter utilization, battery throughput, aging assumptions, uncertainty, fallback behavior, and validation maturity.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "IRC for Sustainable Energy Systems (IRC-SES), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia",
    "School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China",
    "Electrical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia",
    "Electrical Power and Machines Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Tanta 31511, Egypt",
    "Department of Information Technology, College of Computer, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Amr S. Zalhaf",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5693-8087"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Hongzhi Jiang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Yang Han"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Mohamed Mohandes"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Ali Al-Shaikhi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Abdelaziz M. Gebril",
      "orcid": "0009-0000-0626-4996"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Suliman Aladhadh",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4349-8710"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/es0bfd4bmbdf5.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/batteries12110456",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "es0bfd4bmbdf5",
  "issns": [
    "2313-0105"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/12/11/456",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [],
  "openalex": null,
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-11-02",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/es0bfd4bmbdf5.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-04T00:24:21Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/batteries12110456",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/12/11/456"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "issn:2313-0105",
      "subfield": "electrochemistry-energy"
    }
  ],
  "title": "AI-Enabled Battery Storage and Electric Vehicle Flexibility for Power-Quality-Constrained Photovoltaic Integration: A Critical Review",
  "title_text": "AI-Enabled Battery Storage and Electric Vehicle Flexibility for Power-Quality-Constrained Photovoltaic Integration: A Critical Review",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-04T12:21:10Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/es0bfd4bmbdf5",
  "venue": "Batteries",
  "versions": []
}