{
  "abstract": "Autonomous radio arrays record air-shower radio pulses as trigger-selected analogue-to-digital converter (ADC) voltage traces. We reconstruct the primary arrival direction and energy while accounting for noise, direction-dependent detector responses and atmospheric refraction in inclined showers. Waveform cross-correlation corrects relative trigger times; plane- and spherical-wavefront fits estimate the initial direction and effective emission point. A modified voltage-domain angular-distribution fit uses source-end tangents of refracted rays to refine the direction and distinguish the particle core from the radio-footprint centre, reducing the median opening-angle error by approximately 50% relative to straight source-to-station viewing angles. Antenna and radio-frequency-chain inversion recovers the electric field, and early-late corrections give its lateral peak-amplitude distribution. An event-to-reference peak-amplitude correction is calibrated on 2,500 simulated electric-field showers to account for 50-200 MHz coherence loss; a semi-analytic Fresnel parameterisation examines its finite-source interpretation. Proton and iron reference lateral-distribution fits give two energy estimates, averaged with fixed equal weights. Validation uses 6,000 independent showers. In the field-level test with simulation-input geometry, either correction reduces the relative energy root-mean-square error (RMSE) from 11.90% to 8.31%. Across three waveform treatments, 3,073 common detector-level events yield mean relative energy residuals of -2.30% to -1.86%, standard deviations of 8.46%-8.96%, and median opening-angle errors of 0.0315-0.0349 degrees. The method is intended for sparse radio arrays detecting highly inclined showers, such as the Giant Radio Array for Neutrino Detection (GRAND).",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": "2607.10637",
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Xin Xu"
    },
    {
      "name": "Pengfei Zhang"
    },
    {
      "name": "Xiaoyang Gong"
    },
    {
      "name": "Yichen Xie"
    },
    {
      "name": "Fufu Yang"
    },
    {
      "name": "Xiaosong Liu"
    },
    {
      "name": "Chao Zhang"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/es5mfmmxac9e0.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2607.10637",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "es5mfmmxac9e0",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.10637",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "LicenseRef-arXiv-nonexclusive-1.0",
  "licence_label": "arXiv licence",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "http://arxiv.org/licenses/nonexclusive-distrib/1.0/",
  "metadata_licence": "CC0-1.0",
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "arxiv",
      "astro-ph.HE"
    ],
    [
      "arxiv",
      "astro-ph.IM"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "3106|Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7168243137",
  "pdf_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2607.10637",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-29",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/es5mfmmxac9e0.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-02T12:21:15Z",
      "native_id": "2607.10637",
      "source": "arxiv",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.10637"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "astronomy",
      "origin": "arxiv:astro-ph.HE",
      "subfield": "high-energy-astrophysics"
    },
    {
      "field": "astronomy",
      "origin": "arxiv:astro-ph.IM",
      "subfield": "instrumentation-methods"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Corrected detector-level reconstruction of inclined radio air showers from trigger-level ADC waveforms",
  "title_text": "Corrected detector-level reconstruction of inclined radio air showers from trigger-level ADC waveforms",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-04T15:20:50Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/es5mfmmxac9e0",
  "venue": "arXiv",
  "versions": []
}