{
  "abstract": "This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the effects of probiotic supplementation on depression, anxiety, and sleep quality in healthy adults. PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Embase were searched from inception to September 18, 2026. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing probiotics with placebo for ≥ 4 weeks were included. Data from 20 studies involving 1508 participants were analyzed using Stata 17.0. Random-effects or fixed-effects models were selected according to heterogeneity. The GRADE approach was used to assess evidence certainty. Probiotics significantly reduced depression scores (SMD = −0.23, 95% CI: −0.36 to −0.10, P < 0.01; I² = 4.67%) and improved sleep quality (SMD = −0.37, 95% CI: −0.52 to −0.22, P < 0.01; I² = 41.67%). However, the overall effect on anxiety was not significant (SMD = −0.11, 95% CI: −0.31–0.09, P = 0.27; I² = 61.41%). Subgroup analyses were exploratory and unadjusted; no definitive conclusion can be drawn regarding intervention duration or strain type. GRADE certainty was moderate for depression and sleep quality, but very low for anxiety. In conclusion, probiotic supplementation may alleviate depressive symptoms and improve sleep quality in healthy adults, whereas its effect on anxiety remains inconclusive. Larger, standardized RCTs are needed to confirm these findings and clarify strain-specific effects.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Pharmacy, the Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province 646000, China; School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, China",
    "Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, 646000, China; Correspondence to: 25 Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou City, Sichuan Province, China.",
    "Department of Pharmacy, the Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province 646000, China; Correspondence to: 25 Taiping Street, Jiangyang District, Luzhou City, Sichuan Province, China."
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 5,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Qinhan Liu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ling Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yaomin Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Jun Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Yaling Li"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ev3829f2xkh0c.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1016/j.phrs.2026.109716",
  "fulltext_url": "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1043661826016312",
  "id": "ev3829f2xkh0c",
  "issns": [
    "1096-1186"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2026.109716",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "lcc",
      "RM1-950"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "1106|Probiotics and Fermented Foods"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7224366286",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-31",
  "publisher": "Elsevier",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ev3829f2xkh0c.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T14:22:57Z",
      "native_id": "0dfb3ce99a34421c9b3566879470ec23",
      "source": "doaj",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2026.109716"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "lcc:RM1-950",
      "subfield": "pharmacology-toxicology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Effects of probiotic supplementation on depression, anxiety, and sleep quality in healthy participants: A systematic review and meta-analysis",
  "title_text": "Effects of probiotic supplementation on depression, anxiety, and sleep quality in healthy participants: A systematic review and meta-analysis",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-02T14:20:22Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ev3829f2xkh0c",
  "venue": "Pharmacological Research",
  "versions": []
}