{
  "abstract": "Background: Cure or treatment completion precludes a later unfavorable tuberculosis (TB) treatment outcome within the same treatment episode and should be treated as a competing event. We estimated the cumulative incidence and exploratory associated factors for unfavorable outcomes among people with HIV-associated TB in Liangshan, China.\n\nMethods: Aalen–Johansen cumulative incidence functions and Fine–Gray subdistribution hazard models were used. The 14-parameter full model was treated as exploratory; a prespecified three-parameter Fine–Gray sensitivity model, a cause-specific hazards model, and a proportionality assessment were included. Pointwise 95% confidence intervals for the cumulative incidence functions were obtained using 2,000 individual-level bootstrap resamples.\n\nResults: Among 340 closed treatment episodes, 27 unfavorable outcomes, 303 cure/completion events, and 10 administrative censorings were observed. The unfavorable cumulative incidence was 4.41% (95% CI 2.35–6.77) at 3 months, 6.47% (3.82–9. 12) at 6 months, 7.65% (5.00–10.60) at 9 months, and 7.96% (5.30–10.91) at 12 months. Twenty-two of 27 unfavorable outcomes (81.5%) were records coded as non-TB death; the source field contained no separate TB-related-death category. In the full exploratory model, age was associated with the outcome (adjusted sHR 1.54 per 10 years, 95% CI 1.02–2.32; p = 0.039). In the parsimonious model, age (sHR 1.70, 95% CI 1.18–2.43; p = 0.004) and tracing versus all other sources (sHR 4.73, 95% CI 1.89–11.86; p = 0.001) showed elevated estimates, while inference remained exploratory.\n\nConclusion: The 12-month unfavorable cumulative incidence was 7.96% (95% CI 5.30–10.91), with only 33 individuals at risk at that landmark. The mortality-dominated composite and sparse categories limit interpretation; the findings describe exploratory associations rather than a validated prediction model.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 4,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ni Yang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ting Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yunkui Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Lan Xia"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ev5qe1c41jc7c.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fpubh.2026.1958022",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "ev5qe1c41jc7c",
  "issns": [
    "2296-2565"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1958022/full",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2725|Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223103473",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1958022/pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-21",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ev5qe1c41jc7c.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:24Z",
      "native_id": "10.3389/fpubh.2026.1958022",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1958022/full"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2725|Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology",
      "subfield": "infectious-disease"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Cumulative incidence and factors associated with unfavorable tuberculosis treatment outcomes among people living with HIV in Liangshan, China: a competing-risk analysis",
  "title_text": "Cumulative incidence and factors associated with unfavorable tuberculosis treatment outcomes among people living with HIV in Liangshan, China: a competing-risk analysis",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:20:24Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ev5qe1c41jc7c",
  "venue": "Frontiers in Public Health",
  "versions": []
}