{
  "abstract": "Introduction: Transmission of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria from animal, food-production and environmental reservoirs to humans underpins One Health policy, yet the causal evidence has not been systematically assessed. Molecular similarity is often invoked as evidence of transmission, but shared resistance determinants cannot establish the direction of transfer. This review will identify and classify evidence on antimicrobial resistance transmission from these reservoirs to humans, generate an evidence map by reservoir category and transmission pathway and identify gaps where policy assumptions outpace empirical support.\n\nMethods and analysis: This systematic scoping review will be reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). We searched MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, Global Health and China National Knowledge Infrastructure from 2000 onwards (initial search 16 July 2026; supplementary search 20 September 2026), supplemented by grey literature and citation tracking. Studies linking these reservoirs to human colonisation or infection with antimicrobial-resistant bacteria will be eligible. Records will be screened in duplicate in Rayyan with AI-assisted prioritisation (MetaScreener). Two reviewers will independently assess causal support using a framework integrating evidence type, directionality and level assignment, informed by Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evalution (GRADE) principles and Bradford Hill criteria. Strain-level and gene-level evidence (including metagenomic signals) will be distinguished, and colonisation and infection will be coded as parallel outcomes. The primary output will be a 9×5 evidence map crossing reservoir categories with transmission pathways, showing the highest causal support level, study counts and directionality for each combination.\n\nEthics and dissemination: This review analyses existing published data; ethical approval is not required. Findings will be submitted to a peer-reviewed open-access journal, presented at conferences and summarised as briefing materials for One Health policy bodies. The evidence map, extraction dataset and analytic code will be made publicly available through the Open Science Framework (OSF).\n\nRegistration: This protocol is registered on the OSF; registration Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.17605/OSF.IO/KQVDC.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "OUCRU, Hanoi, Vietnam",
    "Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK",
    "Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands",
    "One Health Trust, Sivanchetti Gardens, Bengaluru, India",
    "Max Institute of Healthcare Management, Indian School of Business, Hyderabad, India",
    "Economics, One Health Trust India, Bengaluru, India",
    "Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK",
    "Nuffield Centre for International Health and Development, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK",
    "National Center for Water Resources Planning and Investigation, Hanoi, Vietnam",
    "Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Centre (CATIE), Turrialba, Cartago, Costa Rica"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
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  "author_total": 18,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Chaokun Hong",
      "orcid": "0009-0002-1594-3813"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Thao Phuong Nguyen",
      "orcid": "0009-0005-6362-3111"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Hai Huan Hoang Ngo"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Ha Thanh Le"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Trang Thu Vu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Max van Wijk",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4647-9806"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Srikanth Reddy Umenthala"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4,
        5
      ],
      "name": "Deepshikha Batheja",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4991-2938"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Rachel Otuko"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Soe Yu Naing"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Jaap Wagenaar"
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    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Ben Cooper"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Thomas Kesteman"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        6
      ],
      "name": "Rogier van Doorn"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Kelly Moon"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Duong Du Bui"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9
      ],
      "name": "Pablo Imbach"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Sonia Lewycka",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5923-9468"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ev6f7teqn66n2.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1136/bmjopen-2026-125301",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13723873/",
  "id": "ev6f7teqn66n2",
  "issns": [
    "2044-6055",
    "2044-6055"
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  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-4.0",
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  "pmcid": "PMC13723873",
  "pmid": "42963094",
  "published": "2026-10-30",
  "publisher": "BMJ",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ev6f7teqn66n2.ris",
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      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T00:21:03Z",
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "heading:Public Health",
      "subfield": "epidemiology-public-health"
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  ],
  "title": "Directional spillover of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria from animal, food-production and environmental reservoirs to humans: protocol for a systematic scoping review and causal evidence assessment",
  "title_text": "Directional spillover of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria from animal, food-production and environmental reservoirs to humans: protocol for a systematic scoping review and causal evidence assessment",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-05T12:20:36Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ev6f7teqn66n2",
  "venue": "BMJ Open",
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