{
  "abstract": "Introduction: Few studies have compared insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in children with type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) against a shared non-diabetic reference group.\n\nMethods: We retrospectively analyzed data from 70 children with T1DM, 14 with T2DM, and 196 children in a non-diabetic comparison group. IGF-1, HbA1c, C-peptide, and anthropometric data were compared using nonparametric tests and multivariable regression of log-transformed IGF-1 adjusted for age and sex, with age-adjusted partial correlations for C-peptide, HbA1c, and BMI. As a supportive analysis, IGF-1 in T1DM (n = 57) and T2DM (n = 13) was converted to age- and sex-specific SDS using an external reference and tested against zero.\n\nResults: Unadjusted IGF-1 was lowest in T1DM (145.0 ng/mL), intermediate in T2DM (232.0 ng/mL), and highest in the comparison group (276.5 ng/mL; P < 0.001), reflecting the younger age of the T1DM group. After adjustment, IGF-1 was lower in T1DM (−41.8%, P < 0.001) and T2DM (−39.4%, P = 0.003) than in the comparison group. No significant difference between T1DM and T2DM was detected (P = 0.83), but the 95% confidence interval was wide (−31.3% to +55.9%) because only 14 children had T2DM. Externally referenced SDS was significantly below zero in T1DM (P = 0.009) but not in T2DM (P = 0.33). C-peptide, near-absent in T1DM and preserved in T2DM, was not correlated with IGF-1 in either group.\n\nDiscussion: These exploratory findings show lower age- and sex-adjusted IGF-1 in both diabetes subtypes, leave open whether the reduction differs between them, and warrant prospective studies including pubertal staging and GH-axis measurements.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Pediatrics, The Second Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 3,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yuxia Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Dingding Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Wei Song"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/evq4dh22xtxfk.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fped.2026.1948533",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13710310/",
  "id": "evq4dh22xtxfk",
  "issns": [
    "2296-2360"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2026.1948533",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Original Research"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2712|Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221663141",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pediatrics/articles/10.3389/fped.2026.1948533/pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13710310",
  "pmid": "42947805",
  "published": "2026-10-13",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/evq4dh22xtxfk.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T12:21:18Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13710310",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2026.1948533"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2712|Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors",
      "subfield": "endocrinology-metabolism"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Serum insulin-like growth factor-1 is lower in children with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus than in a non-diabetic comparison group after adjustment for age and sex: a cross-sectional study",
  "title_text": "Serum insulin-like growth factor-1 is lower in children with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus than in a non-diabetic comparison group after adjustment for age and sex: a cross-sectional study",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-31T12:21:18Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/evq4dh22xtxfk",
  "venue": "Frontiers in Pediatrics",
  "versions": []
}