{
  "abstract": "Porphyrins are known for their rich triplet-state photophysics, making them attractive platforms for light-driven applications. Compared with extensively studied Pd­(II) and Pt­(II) porphyrins, Ru­(II) porphyrins remain less systematically explored, particularly for triplet-driven reactivity. Here, we demonstrate that a single porphyrin framework can perform complementary functions: generate singlet oxygen (1O2) and photosensitize triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC). We examine six related systems: free-base porphyrins (1A/1B) and Ru­(II) complexes 2A/2B with CO and 3A/3B with CO plus PyPX (10-(pyridin-4-yl)-10H-phenoxazine). Complexes 3A and 3B are newly synthesized Ru­(II) porphyrins, enabling direct assessment of axial ligation effects within this series. Optical spectroscopy, DFT/TD-DFT calculations, 1O2 measurements, and TTA-UC experiments investigate how metalation, bromination, and axial ligation influence triplet-state properties. Ru­(II) insertion promotes intersystem crossing, leading to 1O2 quantum yields up to 70%. Bromination further increases Φ Δ in the free-base and monoaxial complexes. In contrast, PyPX coordination significantly increases Φ Δ in the nonbrominated system (2A to 3A) but has negligible influence in the brominated analogue (2B to 3B). Complexes 3A/3B also sensitize TTA-UC, achieving efficiencies of ∼1.3–1.4% with perylene in THF. Collectively, our results establish design principles for Ru­(II) porphyrins as triplet sensitizers, enabling control over complementary triplet-driven photochemical processes within a single molecular platform.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "SPIN-Lab Centre for Microscopic Research on Matter, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, Chorzow 41-500, Poland",
    "Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia in Katowice, Szkolna 9, 40-006 Katowice, Poland",
    "Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland",
    "Centre for Organic and Nanohybrid Electronics, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 22b, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland",
    "Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.",
    "Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, U.K.",
    "Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 11,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Aleksandra Nyga",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-0447-2473"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Marli Ferreira"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        3,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Piotr Pander",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4103-4154"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Ivan Gusev"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Larissa Gomes Franca",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8089-2525"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Georgina H. Burgoyne Morris",
      "orcid": "0009-0008-7922-2621"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Martyna Jankowska"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Priscila Pazini Abatti"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Karol Erfurt"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Rachel C. Evans",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-2956-4857"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Agata Blacha-Grzechnik"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/evzjcxfjw17w5.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6c03345",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13715520/",
  "id": "evzjcxfjw17w5",
  "issns": [
    "0020-1669",
    "1520-510X"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6c03345",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Article"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2505|Porphyrin and Phthalocyanine Chemistry"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221685798",
  "pdf_url": "https://pubs.acs.org/inocaj/article-pdf/doi/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6c03345/68812813/acs.inorgchem.6c03345.pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13715520",
  "pmid": "42867934",
  "published": "2026-10-11",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/evzjcxfjw17w5.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-01T12:22:48Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13715520",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6c03345"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:2505|Porphyrin and Phthalocyanine Chemistry",
      "subfield": "materials-polymers"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Probing Triplet Photochemistry in Ru(II) Porphyrins Using Singlet Oxygen Generation and Triplet–Triplet Annihilation Upconversion",
  "title_text": "Probing Triplet Photochemistry in Ru(II) Porphyrins Using Singlet Oxygen Generation and Triplet–Triplet Annihilation Upconversion",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-01T12:22:48Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/evzjcxfjw17w5",
  "venue": "Inorganic Chemistry",
  "versions": []
}