{
  "abstract": "Sustainable and binder-free electrode architectures are attracting increasing interest for sodium-ion batteries, particularly when waste-derived active materials can be integrated into self-standing conductive networks. Herein, we report a freestanding hard-carbon/carbon-nanofibre anode obtained by incorporating banana-peel-derived hard carbon into an electrospun polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-derived carbon nanofibre (CNF) scaffold. The banana-peel precursor was converted into activated hard carbon through dual H3PO4/ZnCl2 treatment followed by carbonization, while electrospinning and thermal conversion enabled its integration into a flexible binder-free banana-peel-derived hard-carbon/carbon-nanofibre (B-HC/CNF) film. Structural, textural and surface analyses revealed a disordered turbostratic carbon phase with accessible micro/mesoporosity, defective sp2 domains and oxygen-containing surface functionalities. Compared with pristine CNF, the B-HC/CNF electrode delivered a higher reversible capacity in sodium half-cells, increasing from about 172 to 307 mAh g−1 in the 0.01–2.6 V window, together with an improved initial coulombic efficiency. Kinetic analysis based on cyclic voltammetry indicated a mixed sodium-storage behaviour involving both diffusion-controlled and capacitive contributions. The comparison between wide and narrow voltage windows highlighted the trade-off between capacity and reversibility: the 0.01–2.6 V range provided higher capacity but progressive fading, whereas the 0.01–0.5 V window promoted more stable cycling and coulombic efficiencies close to 100% after interfacial stabilization. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) and post-cycling scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses showed that long-term degradation is mainly governed by interfacial resistance build-up, hindered Na+ transport and accumulation of electrolyte-derived surface deposits, rather than by collapse of the freestanding fibrous framework. These results demonstrate the potential of banana-peel-derived hard carbon/CNF electrodes as sustainable self-standing anodes for sodium-ion batteries, while identifying interfacial stabilization as a key target for further optimization.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "National Research Council (CNR), Institute for Advanced Energy Technologies “Nicola Giordano” (ITAE) Via S. Lucia Sopra Contesse, 5 Messina 98126 Italy",
    "Politecnico of Turin, Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT) Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi 24 10129 Torino Italy",
    "University of Messina, Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31 98166 Messina (ME) Italy",
    "University of Messina, Department of Engineering, Contrada di Dio Messina 98158 Italy"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Mayank Joshi",
      "orcid": "0009-0000-8290-3390"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Emanuele La Mazza",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7069-4269"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Orazio Di Blasi",
      "orcid": "0009-0006-2943-4568"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Ivan Mastronardo",
      "orcid": "0009-0008-9277-4017"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Alessandra Di Blasi",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-2847-3075"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Concetta Busacca",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6384-3652"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ew29e863hgz6r.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1039/d6ra06791c",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13657091/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "ew29e863hgz6r",
  "issns": [
    "2046-2069"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13657091",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Chemistry"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2208|Advancements in Battery Materials"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221522612",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13657091/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13657091",
  "pmid": "42866628",
  "published": "2026-10-12",
  "publisher": "Royal Society of Chemistry",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ew29e863hgz6r.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:25Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13657091",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13657091"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-01T12:23:36Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13657091",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1039/d6ra06791c"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "heading:Chemistry",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Self-standing banana-peel-derived hard carbon/CNF anodes for sodium-ion batteries with voltage-window-dependent electrochemical behaviour",
  "title_text": "Self-standing banana-peel-derived hard carbon/CNF anodes for sodium-ion batteries with voltage-window-dependent electrochemical behaviour",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-02T12:20:50Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ew29e863hgz6r",
  "venue": "RSC advances",
  "versions": []
}