{
  "abstract": "Urinary incontinence (UI) is a common but underrecognized condition among women, including within routine gynecologic outpatient care, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Evidence from referral-level gynecologic outpatient settings in Uganda remains limited. This study therefore determined the prevalence, clinical types, and associated factors of UI among women attending gynecologic outpatient clinics in Uganda. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 374 non-pregnant women attending gynecologic outpatient clinics at Kayunga and Jinja Regional Referral Hospitals (RRH). UI and its clinical types were assessed using the Questionnaire for Urinary Incontinence Diagnosis (QUID). Data on associated factors were collected using structured interviews, and multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors independently associated with UI. Among the 374 women enrolled, 103 had UI, giving a prevalence of 27.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 23.1 to 32.3). The most common subtype was stress UI (44.7%), followed by urgency UI (30.1%) and mixed UI (25.2%). Increasing age was independently associated with UI, with higher odds among women aged 30–39 years (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 2.03, 95% CI 1.00 to 4.10), 40–49 years (AOR 2.63, 95% CI 1.18 to 5.88), and 50 years or older (AOR 4.95, 95% CI 1.25 to 19.56) compared with women younger than 30 years. No formal education (AOR 4.34, 95% CI 1.29 to 14.55), high parity of four or more deliveries (AOR 2.97, 95% CI 1.21 to 7.26), and prolonged labor lasting more than 24 hours (AOR 2.46, 95% CI 1.37 to 4.40) were also independently associated with UI. Urinary incontinence affected approximately one in four women attending gynecologic outpatient clinics in Uganda, with stress UI as the predominant subtype. Routine UI screening in gynecologic outpatient services and strengthened obstetric and postpartum care may help reduce the burden of UI in similar referral settings.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kampala International University, Bushenyi, Uganda",
    "Department of Physiology, Kampala International University, Bushenyi, Uganda"
  ],
  "article_type": "Research Article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "John Katongole"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Emmanuel Okurut"
    },
    {
      "name": "Daniel Udofia Owu"
    },
    {
      "name": "Theoneste Hakizimana"
    },
    {
      "name": "Prosper Akankwasa"
    },
    {
      "name": "Ester Namutosi"
    },
    {
      "name": "Musa Kasujja"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ewngwe2dzetd1.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1371/journal.pgph.0007221",
  "fulltext_url": "https://journals.plos.org/globalpublichealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgph.0007221",
  "id": "ewngwe2dzetd1",
  "issns": [
    "2767-3375"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://journals.plos.org/globalpublichealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgph.0007221",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2745|Pelvic floor disorders treatments"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Health care/Health care facilities/Outpatient clinics"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Health care/Patients/Outpatients"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Urology/Incontinence"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Women's health/Maternal health/Birth/Labor and delivery"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Women's health/Obstetrics and gynecology"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Women's health/Obstetrics and gynecology/Birth/Labor and delivery"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/People and places/Geographical locations/Africa/Uganda"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Research and analysis methods/Research design/Survey research/Questionnaires"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Social sciences/Economics/Economic history/Labor history"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7213250807",
  "pdf_url": "https://journals.plos.org/globalpublichealth/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pgph.0007221&type=printable",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-09-15",
  "publisher": "Public Library of Science",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ewngwe2dzetd1.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:49Z",
      "native_id": "10.1371/journal.pgph.0007221",
      "source": "plos",
      "url": "https://journals.plos.org/globalpublichealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgph.0007221"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "plos:women's health",
      "subfield": "reproductive-child"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Urinary incontinence in Ugandan gynecologic outpatient clinics: Prevalence, clinical types, and associated factors",
  "title_text": "Urinary incontinence in Ugandan gynecologic outpatient clinics: Prevalence, clinical types, and associated factors",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:49Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ewngwe2dzetd1",
  "venue": "PLOS Global Public Health",
  "versions": []
}