{
  "abstract": "Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is commonly assessed using blood biomarkers such as creatinine, urea and albumin. This study compared a portable six-channel near-infrared (NIR) analyzer (miniNIR; 1300-2100 nm) with a benchtop Fourier-transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) instrument for the discrimination and quantification of fifty-four independent concentration-defined profiles in composed fetal bovine serum solutions spanning six simulated KDIGO categories. SVM-RBF, Random Forest, XGBoost, Logistic regression and partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were evaluated. For miniNIR binary 'healthy/disease' profile discrimination, SVM-RBF yielded a validation AUC of 1.00, accuracy of 0.91, sensitivity of 1.00 and specificity of 0.83. The six-class profile assignment was substantially more difficult: PLS-DA was selected by grouped nested cross-validation, but validation accuracy was 0.18, macro-F1 was 0.11 and macro-AUC was 0.77 across the evaluable classes. For miniNIR regression, validation R² values were 0.48 for creatinine, 0.30 for urea and 0.10 for albumin. The strongest FT-NIR validation results were R² = 0.64 for creatinine, 0.79 for urea and 0.89 for albumin, depending on the spectral window. For FT-NIR binary 'healthy/disease' profile discrimination, SVM-RBF yielded a validation AUC of 0.99, accuracy of 0.71 and a specificity of 0.47. Although the high binary AUC in this controlled concentration design for the miniNIR, it should not be interpreted as evidence of CKD-specific recognition or clinical performance. The comparison quantifies the information retained and lost when continuous FT-NIR sampling is reduced to six broad discrete channels; validation in clinically characterized human samples is required before any screening application can be considered.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, i4HB-The Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, IST-Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.",
    "ISEL-Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1549-020 Lisbon, Portugal.",
    "Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, IST-Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 5,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Diogo Serrano",
      "orcid": "0009-0007-6543-8205"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Paulo Zoio",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4295-9271"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Bernardo B Carvalho",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8790-8999"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Luís P Fonseca",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-8429-6977"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Cecília R C Calado",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-5264-9755"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ewrwss1pp0yjq.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/bios16100573",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13702342",
  "id": "ewrwss1pp0yjq",
  "issns": [
    "2079-6374"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42930120",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1602|Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221523954",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13702342?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13702342",
  "pmid": "42930120",
  "published": "2026-10-12",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ewrwss1pp0yjq.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:22:01Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42930120",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42930120"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:1602|Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses",
      "subfield": "analytical"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Analytical Evaluation of Simulated Kidney-Disease Profiles: Comparison of a Portable Near-Infrared Spectrophotometer with a Benchtop FT-NIR.",
  "title_text": "Analytical Evaluation of Simulated Kidney-Disease Profiles: Comparison of a Portable Near-Infrared Spectrophotometer with a Benchtop FT-NIR.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:22:01Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ewrwss1pp0yjq",
  "venue": "Biosensors",
  "versions": []
}