{
  "abstract": "G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest class of receptors in the genome and control many signaling cascades essential for survival. GPCR signaling is regulated by β-arrestins, multifunctional adapter proteins that direct receptor desensitization, internalization, and signaling. While at many GPCRs, β-arrestins interact with a wide array of signaling effectors, it is unclear how β-arrestins promote such varied functions. Here we show that β-arrestins undergo liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) to form condensates that regulate GPCR function. We demonstrate that β-arrestin oligomerization occurs in proximity to the GPCR and regulates GPCR functions such as internalization and signaling. This model is supported by a cryoEM structure of the adhesion receptor ADGRE1 in a 2:2 complex with β-arrestin 1, with a β-arrestin orientation that can promote oligomerization. Our work provides a paradigm for β-arrestin condensates as regulators of GPCR function, with LLPS serving as an important promoter of signaling compartmentalization at GPCRs.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Cell and Molecular Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA",
    "Duke Medical Scientist Training Program, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA",
    "Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education, Department of Psychology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China. pengxiao@sdu.edu.cn",
    "State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Medical Research Institute, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China. pengxiao@sdu.edu.cn",
    "State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Advanced Medical Research Institute, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China",
    "Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA",
    "Trinity College, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA",
    "Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA",
    "Biomedical Research Center for Structural Analysis, Shandong University, Jinan, China",
    "Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China",
    "Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Peking University, Beijing, China. sunjinpeng@sdu.edu.cn",
    "Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Membrane Receptor Target Discovery and Lead Drug Screening, Advanced Medical Research institute, NHC Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu Hospital, New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China. sunjinpeng@sdu.edu.cn",
    "Cell and Molecular Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. sudarshan.rajagopal@duke.edu",
    "Department of Biochemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. sudarshan.rajagopal@duke.edu",
    "Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. sudarshan.rajagopal@duke.edu"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 21,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Preston J. Anderson",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0233-8921"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Peng Xiao",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9809-3481"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Ya-Ni Zhong",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9079-7081"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Adam Kaakati",
      "orcid": "0009-0005-7857-3671"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Juliana Alfonso-DeSouza"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Alejandra Patino"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Andrew Ahn"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Chanpreet Jassal",
      "orcid": "0009-0001-4657-8516"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Tianyao Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Chao Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Kexin Yu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Lei Qi"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9
      ],
      "name": "Wei Ding"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Samuel Liu",
      "orcid": "0009-0004-0176-3066"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Biswaranjan Pani",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4811-4632"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Athmika Krishnan"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Oscar Chen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Joseph Strawn"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Joshua C. Snyder",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9787-3371"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        10,
        11
      ],
      "name": "Jin‐Peng Sun",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3572-1580"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        12,
        13,
        14
      ],
      "name": "Sudarshan Rajagopal",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3443-5040"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/eyhpexsapbzra.bib",
  "cited_by": 10,
  "doi": "10.1038/s41586-026-10539-y",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "eyhpexsapbzra",
  "issns": [
    "0028-0836",
    "1476-4687"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10539-y",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
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      "openalex",
      "1312|Receptor Mechanisms and Signaling"
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  "openalex": "W4409188745",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": "PMC11996538",
  "pmid": "40236194",
  "published": "2026-05-27",
  "publisher": "Nature Portfolio",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/eyhpexsapbzra.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T13:26:48Z",
      "native_id": "W4409188745",
      "source": "openalex",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10539-y"
    }
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biochemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:1312|Receptor Mechanisms and Signaling",
      "subfield": "molecular-biology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "β-Arrestin condensates regulate G-protein-coupled receptor function",
  "title_text": "β-Arrestin condensates regulate G-protein-coupled receptor function",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-08T13:20:43Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/eyhpexsapbzra",
  "venue": "Nature",
  "versions": []
}