{
  "abstract": "Antibiotics are among the most significant medical discoveries of the 20th century. However, their extensive use and persistence in the environment have contributed to the emergence and dissemination of antibiotic resistance, causing increasing global concern. This study investigates the occurrence of antibiotics in aquatic environments to assess their ecological impact. Samples from rivers, seas and areas around wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Barcelona, Valencia (Spain), Paris (France) and Helsinki (Finland), areas with different anthropogenic impacts and climate conditions, were examined to determine the occurrence of antibiotics using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS). Target analysis focused on 18 compounds, alongside suspect screening for the identification of other drugs. The results were further analysed using multivariate statistical approaches, and ecotoxicological risk was assessed using the Hazard Quotient (HQ). Those most frequently detected and with the highest risk were sulfamethoxazole, metronidazole, azithromycin and tetracycline, with maximum concentration values of 69.6, 12.3, 119.1, and 12.6 µg/L, and maximum HQ values of 116,136, 6268, and 207, respectively. The highest concentrations occurred near WWTPs, while sea samples had the lowest concentrations. Overall, many compounds exceed environmental risk thresholds, demonstrating the need for improved removal treatments and stricter environmental regulation.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, C/ Jordi Girona, 18–26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain",
    "Doctoral Program in Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Science, Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, 08034 Barcelona, Spain",
    "VISAFELab Laboratory, Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, IATA-CSIC, 46980 Valencia, Spain",
    "Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00014 Helsinki, Finland",
    "Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail Maisons-Alfort (ANSES), 14 rue Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 11,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Maria Garcia-Torné",
      "orcid": "0009-0001-4175-6387"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Laia Hernández-Dominich"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Xavier Borrell"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Rachida Mazigh"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Glòria Sánchez",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7022-661X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Leena Maunula"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Ankita K. Gupta",
      "orcid": "0009-0005-8063-4138"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Sandra Martin-Latil"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Prunelle Waldman",
      "orcid": "0009-0004-0049-9435"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Marta Llorca",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6065-2129"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Marinella Farré"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/f0hd6kb9m559h.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/molecules31203638",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13707889/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "f0hd6kb9m559h",
  "issns": [
    "1420-3049"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/31/20/3638",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2310|Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7221527599",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13707889/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13707889",
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-01",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/f0hd6kb9m559h.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:42Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/molecules31203638",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/31/20/3638"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:21:49Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13707889",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13707889"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "earth",
      "origin": "openalex:2310|Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts",
      "subfield": "environmental-science"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Distribution and Toxic Effects of Antibiotics on Impacted Inland and Coastal Waters",
  "title_text": "Distribution and Toxic Effects of Antibiotics on Impacted Inland and Coastal Waters",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:21:49Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/f0hd6kb9m559h",
  "venue": "Molecules",
  "versions": []
}