{
  "abstract": "Introduction: Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation elevates the risk of skin damage and photoaging; however, topically applied organic UV filters present risks of transdermal absorption. Mesoporous silica offers potential as a topical delivery matrix by accommodating active agents within its structured porosity.\n\nMethods: This study evaluated the effect of SBA-15 mesoporous silica (SM) pore size variations (4, 6, and 12 nm) on the UV protection efficacy and ex vivo skin permeation of Tinosorb M (TM) sunscreen stick formulations. TM was loaded into SBA-15 via solvent evaporation at defined TM:SM ratios. Characterization was conducted using XRD and DSC, and physical stability of the sunscreen sticks (n=3) was evaluated over 28 days. In vitro SPF values and ex vivo skin permeation using Franz diffusion studies (n=3) were measured.\n\nResults: Characterization via XRD and DSC confirmed successful encapsulation and amorphous dispersion of TM within the pores, with Assayed Content (TM Content) peaking in the 12 nm system (3:7 TM:SM ratio). Sunscreen sticks (n=3) maintained physical stability over 28 days. Encapsulation enhanced UV protection, with the 4 nm pore size system achieving the highest SPF value (37.72 vs 34.52 for unencapsulated TM). In Franz diffusion studies (n=3), TM encapsulation in SM reduced transdermal penetration compared to the unencapsulated control, with the lowest cumulative penetration observed in the 4 nm pore system after 6 h.\n\nDiscussion: Although in vivo safety and long-term toxicity evaluations remain to be performed, these findings indicate that SBA-15 mesoporous silica can enhance photoprotection while reducing transdermal absorption of Tinosorb M.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia",
    "Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, STIKes Namira Madina, Panyabungan, 22976, Indonesia",
    "Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 5,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Feggy Yustika Sitinjak",
      "orcid": "0009-0002-8390-9393"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Marshella Dhanu Ardhita"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Insan Sunan Kurniawansyah",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9093-789X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Arif Budiman"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Diah Lia Aulifa",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-8779-8972"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/f17c5es9bm7gv.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.2147/ijn.s634388",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13733395/",
  "id": "f17c5es9bm7gv",
  "issns": [
    "1176-9114",
    "1178-2013"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.2147/ijn.s634388",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Original Research"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2505|Mesoporous Materials and Catalysis"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7224939143",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.dovepress.com/article/download/121634",
  "pmcid": "PMC13733395",
  "pmid": "42985136",
  "published": "2026-10-31",
  "publisher": "Dove Press",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/f17c5es9bm7gv.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-08T12:23:10Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13733395",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.2147/ijn.s634388"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "openalex:2505|Mesoporous Materials and Catalysis",
      "subfield": "materials-polymers"
    }
  ],
  "title": "The Impact of Mesoporous Silica Pore Size on UV Protection Effectiveness in Sunscreen Formulation",
  "title_text": "The Impact of Mesoporous Silica Pore Size on UV Protection Effectiveness in Sunscreen Formulation",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-08T12:23:10Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/f17c5es9bm7gv",
  "venue": "International Journal of Nanomedicine",
  "versions": []
}