{
  "abstract": "Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is classically defined as a tumor cell surface ligand that suppresses T cell immunity by binding to programmed death protein 1 (PD-1). Though this model still exists today, it does not capture the entirety of PD-L1 biology. In addition to transcriptional induction, PD-L1 is largely controlled through several post-translational modifications (PTMs). Phosphorylation, glycosylation, ubiquitination, deubiquitination, acetylation, S-palmitoylation, as well as recently described modifications, all modulate PD-L1 stability, cell membrane residence, intracellular trafficking, nuclear localization, secretion and potential drug targeting. PTMs of PD-L1 do not occur only through independent events. These events form an interconnected state space for PD-L1. PD-L1 states determine PD-L1 retention at the membrane, degradation, nuclear localization, and extracellular secretion via extracellular vesicles. Building on prior PTM-centered reviews, this review advances a PD-L1 functional-state framework linking PTM crosstalk to membrane, nuclear, and extracellular-vesicle/exosomal PD-L1 pools, resistance phenotypes, and a PTM-focused, AI-assisted multimodal biomarker roadmap for translational stratification. We further discuss how PTM-targeted assays and multimodal analysis methods can contribute to optimizing immunotherapy indications and guiding rational combination strategies.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China",
    "Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China",
    "Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands",
    "Department of Radiation Oncology, Jinshazhou Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China",
    "Cell Research and Transformation Center, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China"
  ],
  "article_type": "review article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Miaomiao Li",
      "orcid": "0009-0000-5613-4751"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Jiahui Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Wentong Tian"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Jiachang Tao"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Ziyi Fu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Yaoxin Gao"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/f305763sn1t6g.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.2147/itt.s637720",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13730086/",
  "id": "f305763sn1t6g",
  "issns": [
    "2253-1556"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.2147/itt.s637720",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Review"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2730|Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7224636127",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.dovepress.com/article/download/121585",
  "pmcid": "PMC13730086",
  "pmid": "42979500",
  "published": "2026-10-30",
  "publisher": "Dove Press",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/f305763sn1t6g.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-07T12:22:43Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13730086",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.2147/itt.s637720"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2730|Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers",
      "subfield": "oncology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Post-Translational Control of PD-L1 in Cancer Immunity and Immunotherapy Resistance",
  "title_text": "Post-Translational Control of PD-L1 in Cancer Immunity and Immunotherapy Resistance",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-07T12:22:43Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/f305763sn1t6g",
  "venue": "ImmunoTargets and Therapy",
  "versions": []
}