{ "abstract": "BACKGROUND: Enteroviruses (EV)-A71 and EV-D68 are potentially associated with severe clinical conditions, especially in infants and young children. Population susceptibility to these viruses is unknown in France.\n\nAIM: We sought to estimate seroprevalence of EV-A71 and EV-D68 neutralising antibodies (nAbs) among children and adolescents living in France.\n\nMETHODS: A stratified sampling approach based on sex, age and geographical area of residence was applied to obtain sera for routine diagnostic from ˂ 18-year-olds in metropolitan France. A total of 501 serum samples collected between 2023 and 2025 from 0–17-year-olds were included in the investigation. Neutralising activity was tested against EV-A71 sub-genogroup C1 and EV-D68 subclade B3 strains isolated in 2016, allowing to determine seropositivity and nAb titre. Data were analysed overall, by sex, age group and geographical area.\n\nRESULTS: For EV-A71, the overall estimated seroprevalence was 43.7% (95% CI: 39.3−48.2) while for EV-D68 this reached 96.0% (95% CI: 93.9–97.5). No differences according to sex were observed. Unlike EV-D68, EV-A71 seropositivity rate varied significantly by age group (p = 0.002) and area of residence (p < 0.001). Notably, 23 of 25 children aged ˂ 1 year lacked EV-A71 protective antibodies. Concerning nAb titres, significant differences occurred across age groups both for EV-A71 (p = 0.004) and EV-D68 (p < 0.001). The nAb titres appeared as highest in 1 to under-2-year-olds for EV-A71 and 0 to under-1-year-olds for EV-D68.\n\nCONCLUSION: This seroprevalence study in France reveals a high proportion of newborns and infants susceptible to EV-A71 at potential risk of severe disease, contrasting with the high level of immunity against EV-D68 across all paediatric age groups.", "abstract_shown": true, "affiliations": [ "CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Virologie, Centre National de Référence des Entérovirus et Parechovirus, Clermont-Ferrand, France", "Université Clermont Auvergne, UMR CNRS 6023-LMGE, Clermont-Ferrand, France", "Département d’infectiologie, Laboratoire Cerba, Cerba Healthcare, Frépillon, France", "CHU Amiens-Picardie, Service de Virologie, Amiens, France", "CHU Bordeaux, Service de Virologie, Bordeaux, France", "Université de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5234, Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity, Bordeaux, France", "CHU Brest, Unité de Virologie, Brest, France", "CHU Lille, Service de Virologie, Lille, France", "Hospices Civils de Lyon, Département de Virologie, Centre National de Référence des Entérovirus et Parechovirus, laboratoire associé, Lyon, France", "Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Service de Virologie Aiguë et Tropicale, Marseille, France", "CHU Nancy, Service de Virologie, Nancy, France", "Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, Nancy, France", "CHU Nantes, Service de Virologie, Nantes, France", "Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Service de Microbiologie, Boulogne-Billancourt, France", "CHU Reims, Service de Virologie, Reims, France", "Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, CardioVir UMR-S 1320, Reims, France", "CHU Reims, Service de Pédiatrie, Reims, France", "CHU Rennes, Service de Virologie, Rennes, France", "CHU Rouen, Service de Virologie, Rouen, France", "CHU Toulouse, Service de Virologie, Toulouse, France", "CH Versailles, Service de Biologie, Versailles, France", "CHU Clermont-Ferrand, DRCI, Unité de Biostatistiques, Clermont-Ferrand, France" ], "article_type": "research article", "arxiv": null, "author_total": 28, "authors": [ { "affs": [ 0, 1 ], "name": "Hélène Chabrolles", "orcid": "0000-0001-8038-2130" }, { "affs": [ 0, 1 ], "name": "Audrey Mirand", "orcid": "0000-0002-9638-2415" }, { "affs": [ 2 ], "name": "Benoît Visseaux", "orcid": "0000-0002-9279-5538" }, { "affs": [ 3 ], "name": "Marie Louchet-Ducoroy" }, { "affs": [ 4, 5 ], "name": "Sonia Burrel", "orcid": "0000-0002-7783-2601" }, { "affs": [ 4 ], "name": "Mathilde Gay" }, { "affs": [ 6 ], "name": "Eline Brémond" }, { "affs": [ 7 ], "name": "Cyril Debuysschere", "orcid": "0000-0001-5522-4296" }, { "affs": [ 7 ], "name": "Mouna Lazrek", "orcid": "0000-0002-1534-9323" }, { "affs": [ 8 ], "name": "Marion Jeannoel", "orcid": "0000-0001-7888-8693" }, { "affs": [ 8 ], "name": "Isabelle Schuffenecker", "orcid": "0000-0001-6210-0451" }, { "affs": [ 9 ], "name": "Léa Luciani", "orcid": "0000-0002-0738-5957" }, { "affs": [ 10 ], "name": "Véronique Venard", "orcid": "0000-0003-3494-7887" }, { "affs": [ 10, 11 ], "name": "Evelyne Schvoerer", "orcid": "0000-0003-0290-4532" }, { "affs": [ 12 ], "name": "Céline Bressollette-Bodin", "orcid": "0000-0001-5175-0790" }, { "affs": [ 12 ], "name": "Audrey Rodallec" }, { "affs": [ 13 ], "name": "Elyanne Gault", "orcid": "0000-0003-3855-9304" }, { "affs": [ 14, 15 ], "name": "Laurent Andreoletti", "orcid": "0000-0002-7440-8880" }, { "affs": [ 16 ], "name": "Thibault Tromeur" }, { "affs": [ 17 ], "name": "Juliette Besombes", "orcid": "0009-0009-4003-0777" }, { "affs": [ 18 ], "name": "Marie Gueudin", "orcid": "0009-0001-1095-7821" }, { "affs": [ 19 ], "name": "Pauline Trémeaux", "orcid": "0000-0001-8783-9885" }, { "affs": [ 19 ], "name": "Sébastien Lhomme", "orcid": "0000-0001-7908-1576" }, { "affs": [ 20 ], "name": "Stéphanie Marque-Juillet", "orcid": "0000-0003-2428-7483" }, { "affs": [ 21 ], "name": "Céline Lambert", "orcid": "0000-0002-6459-4800" }, { "affs": [ 0, 1 ], "name": "Maxime Bisseux", "orcid": "0000-0002-3489-049X" }, { "affs": [ 1 ], "name": "Jean-Luc Bailly", "orcid": "0000-0002-9770-6450" }, { "affs": [ 0, 1 ], "name": "Cécile Henquell", "orcid": "0000-0003-2859-6566" } ], "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/f5wsmaekjcv34.bib", "cited_by": 0, "doi": "10.2807/1560-7917.es.2026.31.44.2600054", "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13743896/", "id": "f5wsmaekjcv34", "issns": [ "1025-496X", "1560-7917" ], "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.es.2026.31.44.2600054", "language": "en", "licence": "CC-BY-4.0", "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0", "licence_source": "article", "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "metadata_licence": null, "native_subjects": [ [ "heading", "Research" ], [ "openalex", "2725|Viral Infections and Immunology Research" ] ], "openalex": "W7225413823", "pdf_url": "https://www.eurosurveillance.org/deliver/fulltext/eurosurveillance/31/44/eurosurv-31-44-4.pdf?itemId=%2Fcontent%2F10.2807%2F1560-7917.ES.2026.31.44.2600054&mimeType=pdf&containerItemId=content/eurosurveillance", "pmcid": "PMC13743896", "pmid": "42990030", "published": "2026-11-05", "publisher": "European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control", "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/f5wsmaekjcv34.ris", "sources": [ { "first_seen": "2026-11-11T12:21:30Z", "native_id": "PMC13743896", "source": "pmc", "url": "https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.es.2026.31.44.2600054" } ], "subjects": [ { "field": "medicine", "origin": "openalex:2725|Viral Infections and Immunology Research", "subfield": "infectious-disease" } ], "title": "Seroprevalence of EV-A71 and EV-D68 antibodies in the paediatric and adolescent population, France, 2023 to 2025", "title_text": "Seroprevalence of EV-A71 and EV-D68 antibodies in the paediatric and adolescent population, France, 2023 to 2025", "type": "peer-reviewed", "updated_at": "2026-11-11T12:21:30Z", "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/f5wsmaekjcv34", "venue": "Eurosurveillance", "versions": [] }