{
  "abstract": "Epilepsy is one of the most prevalent and disabling neurological disorders, affecting >50 million people worldwide. Beyond recurrent seizures, it is strongly associated with cognitive impairment, psychiatric comorbidities, reduced social participation, and a markedly increased risk of premature death. Although considerable advances in neuroimaging, pharmacology, and surgical techniques have expanded therapeutic possibilities, nearly one-third of patients remain refractory to current treatments, a challenge that highlights the pressing need for deeper mechanistic insights and innovative therapeutic strategies. This review provides an integrated overview of recent progress in epilepsy research and treatment. At the molecular level, we examine how ion channel dysfunction, receptor abnormalities, and disrupted signaling pathways drive hyperexcitability. We highlight insights from genetics and acquired etiologies that illuminate disease heterogeneity. We address prevailing hypotheses of drug resistance and potential biomarkers. We also emphasize the growing recognition of epilepsy’s close association with diverse comorbidities, where shared molecular pathways not only deepen our understanding of disease mechanisms but also highlight new therapeutic targets. Finally, we evaluate emerging therapeutic directions, including precision pharmacology, neuromodulation, gene and cell therapies, and metabolic approaches such as the ketogenic diet. By bridging epidemiological perspectives with mechanistic discoveries and innovative therapies, this review underscores how advances in epilepsy research are reshaping the path toward precision medicine and improved patient outcomes.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China",
    "Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center of Brain-Machine Interactive Neuromodulation, Chengdu, China",
    "Laboratory of Neuro-diseases and Multimorbidity, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China",
    "Sichuan Provincial Model Worker and Craftsman Innovation Studio, Chengdu, China"
  ],
  "article_type": "review article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 10,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
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        3
      ],
      "name": "Leihao Sha"
    },
    {
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        3
      ],
      "name": "Yutong Fu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
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        3
      ],
      "name": "Sijia Basang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
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        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Ling Jin"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
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        3
      ],
      "name": "Sikai Huang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
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        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Ting Chen"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
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      ],
      "name": "Jingxuan Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
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      ],
      "name": "Mengqiao He"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
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      ],
      "name": "Jiaxian Zhang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
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        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Lei Chen",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5263-5540"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/f6x3trba84dvp.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1038/s41392-026-03104-6",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13731657/",
  "id": "f6x3trba84dvp",
  "issns": [
    "2095-9907",
    "2059-3635"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-026-03104-6",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Review Article"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2728|Epilepsy research and treatment"
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  "openalex": "W7225162827",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41392-026-03104-6.pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13731657",
  "pmid": "42977736",
  "published": "2026-11-04",
  "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/f6x3trba84dvp.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-08T12:21:48Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13731657",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-026-03104-6"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2728|Epilepsy research and treatment",
      "subfield": "neurology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Epilepsy: epidemiology, risk factors, classification, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis and management",
  "title_text": "Epilepsy: epidemiology, risk factors, classification, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis and management",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-08T12:21:48Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/f6x3trba84dvp",
  "venue": "Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy",
  "versions": []
}