{
  "abstract": "Context: Satellite mega-constellations generate Unintended Electro-Magnetic Radiation (UEMR) impacting low frequency radio astronomy. The Radio Regulations of the International Telecommunications Union Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) contain the basis for addressing UEMR, but enforcement mechanisms are absent. Aims: To adapt compatibility study methods based on satellite constellation simulations, in particular the Equivalent Power Flux-Density (EPFD) framework, to radio telescope measurements. Methods: We adapt the ITU-R EPFD calculation framework to measurement data obtained from all-sky interferometric imaging. We address the conceptual differences between forward-model EPFD calculations and measurement-based approaches. In particular, we consider low frequency systems, which are typically wide field-of-view and interferometric instruments. Results: For the first time, we demonstrate that all-sky interferometric observations enable a direct adaptation of the EPFD formalism to measurement data. We thus confirm previous estimations (Di Vruno et al. 2023) that the resulting measurement-based EPFD distributions exceed the radio astronomy interference threshold levels defined in Recommendation ITU-R RA.769-2 in 50-70% of samples. These exceedance fractions are well above the 2% single-system data-loss criterion in Recommendation ITU-R RA.1513-2. Expressed using the conventional 2% compatibility margin, the corresponding margins are negative, ranging from -18.6 to -16.3 dB, equivalent to a required uniform attenuation of 16.3-18.6 dB. Conclusions: Measurement-based implementations provide a practical pathway toward verification and long-term monitoring at low radio frequencies, which could form an important component of enforceability. We suggest instrumentation approaches to support measurement.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": "2609.01995",
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Steven J. Tingay"
    },
    {
      "name": "Gregory Hellbourg"
    },
    {
      "name": "Daniel Sheen"
    },
    {
      "name": "Dylan Grigg"
    },
    {
      "name": "Benjamin Winkel"
    },
    {
      "name": "Federico Di Vruno"
    },
    {
      "name": "Balthasar Indermuehle"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/f7wz3he76kewj.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2609.01995",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "f7wz3he76kewj",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.01995",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": "CC0-1.0",
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "arxiv",
      "astro-ph.IM"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "3103|Radio Astronomy Observations and Technology"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7207860177",
  "pdf_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.01995",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-09-02",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/f7wz3he76kewj.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:16Z",
      "native_id": "2609.01995",
      "source": "arxiv",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.01995"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "astronomy",
      "origin": "arxiv:astro-ph.IM",
      "subfield": "instrumentation-methods"
    }
  ],
  "title": "A measurement-based approach to EPFD calculation, to quantify the impact of satellite mega-constellations on low-frequency radio astronomy",
  "title_text": "A measurement-based approach to EPFD calculation, to quantify the impact of satellite mega-constellations on low-frequency radio astronomy",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:18:16Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/f7wz3he76kewj",
  "venue": "arXiv",
  "versions": []
}