{
  "abstract": "Pain perception is shaped not only by nociceptive input but also by neural activity preceding stimulation. Whether these preparatory states can be modified through neurofeedback, and whether such effects depend on feedback authenticity, remains unclear. We used a double-blind, sham-controlled 2 x 2 mixed factorial design, crossing active regulation versus passive observation with real versus sham EEG feedback. Across feedback groups, active training was associated with changes in preparatory EEG activity and reductions in pain intensity and unpleasantness. Compared with sham feedback, authentic EEG-contingent feedback produced greater enhancement of power in the targeted somatosensory cortex, also evident in source estimates of the right postcentral gyrus, and selectively reduced transitions from microstate E to D. Authentic feedback was also associated with greater attenuation of laser-evoked N2 and P2 responses and a larger reduction in pain intensity, but not unpleasantness. Exploratory structural equation modeling identified indirect associations linking feedback authenticity, preparatory and microstate changes, P2 attenuation, and pain-rating changes. Together, these findings provide experimental evidence that preparatory neural activity can be modulated through authentic neurofeedback and that this modulation is accompanied by changes in subsequent nociceptive processing, supporting a state-based account of pain.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Shenzhen University"
  ],
  "article_type": "New results",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 8,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Y. Zhang"
    },
    {
      "name": "S. Qiu"
    },
    {
      "name": "Q. Zheng"
    },
    {
      "name": "S. Chen"
    },
    {
      "name": "J. Li"
    },
    {
      "name": "X. Li"
    },
    {
      "name": "R. Jin"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "W. Peng"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/f8q2d9vkm5m17.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.64898/2026.06.02.729491",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.02.729491v2.full",
  "id": "f8q2d9vkm5m17",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.02.729491v2",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "biorxiv",
      "neuroscience"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2805|Neural dynamics and brain function"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7163641217",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.02.729491v2.full.pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-06-02",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/f8q2d9vkm5m17.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-13T12:22:59Z",
      "native_id": "10.64898/2026.06.02.729491",
      "source": "biorxiv",
      "url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.06.02.729491v2"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "biorxiv:neuroscience",
      "subfield": "neuroscience"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Closed-loop neurofeedback reshapes preparatory brain states to bias subsequent pain processing",
  "title_text": "Closed-loop neurofeedback reshapes preparatory brain states to bias subsequent pain processing",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-14T00:20:42Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/f8q2d9vkm5m17",
  "venue": "bioRxiv",
  "versions": []
}