{
  "abstract": "Background: To evaluate maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes after preconception or gestational exposure to glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dual glucagon-like peptide-1/glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor agonists, and to assess the reproducibility of reported safety signals.\n\nMethods: Six databases plus a drug-level safety search were searched through 16 July 2026. Exposure was classified into four clinically defined time windows. Independent studies or data sources were the analytic unit; one primary comparator was selected per study, and odds ratios and risk ratios were synthesized separately. Random-effects meta-analysis, timing-stratified and dominant-study sensitivity analyses, Newcastle-Ottawa Scale assessment, and GRADE certainty assessment were used.\n\nResults: Fourteen comparative data sources were included; 13 were quantitatively eligible and eight contributed to at least one pooled estimate. In the timing-specific analysis of major congenital malformations, four studies with verified periconceptional/first-trimester exposure yielded an odds ratio of 0.99 (95% confidence interval 0.77–1.27). A secondary pregnancy-period analysis that added one unadjusted, trimester-unspecified cohort yielded 1.00 (0.94–1.06); that cohort contributed 93.5% of the weight. Pooled preterm birth, small-for-gestational-age birth, and stillbirth analyses showed no statistically significant differences. Preeclampsia and other sparse outcomes were not pooled. Certainty was very low for all key outcomes.\n\nConclusion: Current evidence does not demonstrate a clear or consistent increase in major congenital malformation risk, but very low certainty, imprecision, residual confounding, heterogeneous comparators, sparse agent-specific data, and uncertain exposure timing preclude conclusions of safety. Reported preeclampsia and renal or urinary signals have not been independently replicated.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MegaPoint Hospital",
    "Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 2,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Erkan Mavigök"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Ayşe Nur Mavigök"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/f9j5rtz12bw5h.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3389/fphar.2026.1994366",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13719578/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "f9j5rtz12bw5h",
  "issns": [
    "1663-9812"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2026.1994366/full",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Original Research"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2739|Pregnancy and Medication Impact"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7222400828",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2026.1994366/pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13719578",
  "pmid": "42964193",
  "published": "2026-10-16",
  "publisher": "Frontiers Media SA",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/f9j5rtz12bw5h.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:06Z",
      "native_id": "10.3389/fphar.2026.1994366",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2026.1994366/full"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T12:21:36Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13719578",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13719578"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-02T12:23:31Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13719578",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2026.1994366"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2739|Pregnancy and Medication Impact",
      "subfield": "epidemiology-public-health"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Pregnancy and perinatal outcomes following exposure to GLP-1 and dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonists: a time-window-stratified systematic review and meta-analysis",
  "title_text": "Pregnancy and perinatal outcomes following exposure to GLP-1 and dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonists: a time-window-stratified systematic review and meta-analysis",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-03T12:20:37Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/f9j5rtz12bw5h",
  "venue": "Frontiers in Pharmacology",
  "versions": []
}