{
  "abstract": "Fluoride is an environmentally prevalent inhibitor of fungi, plants, and other eukaryotes. The fluoride exporter (FEX) is the major resistance mechanism that prevents intracellular fluoride accumulation in eukaryotes. FEX activity is sodium-dependent, but the mechanism for Na+ activation and the impact of other cations on FEX function remain poorly understood. Here, we show that sodium and lithium have different effects on channel activity. We leverage these differences to understand how monovalent cations regulate FEX. Functional assays in a reconstituted system show that lithium acts as a competitive antagonist of channel activation by competing with sodium for the central cation binding site. We further demonstrate that lithium markedly reduces fluoride tolerance of yeast. A cryo-EM structure of Candida albicans FEX with Li+, together with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, reveals that differences in the preferred coordination sphere underlie the cation dependence of FEX activity. Whereas sodium binding supports a dynamic structure with a broader pore radius, lithium coordination favors a more rigid conformation that is more compact in the channel’s vestibule. These changes perturb the tilt angle of a pore lining helix, and alter the rotamer of a key phenylalanine in the pore, which together constrict the permeation pathway. In addition to providing general insight into the mechanism of fluoride channel regulation by monovalent cations, these results identify lithium as a previously unknown environmental antagonist of eukaryotic fluoride export and tie cellular fluoride stress tolerance to the abundance of additional ions in the cellular milieu.\n\nFluoride resistance in eukaryotes depends on sodium-activated fluoride exporters (FEX), but how monovalent cations regulate channel function has remained unclear. This study reveals how cation-dependent conformational changes control fluoride resistance, whereby lithium competitively antagonizes sodium-dependent FEX activation, which reduces fluoride tolerance.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Program in Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America",
    "Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, United States of America",
    "Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America",
    "Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America",
    "Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America"
  ],
  "article_type": "Research Article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Chia-Yu Kang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Sahar Heidari"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Sabrina Kolb"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Minjun An"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Melanie D. Ohi"
    },
    {
      "name": "Hedieh Torabifard"
    },
    {
      "name": "Randy B. Stockbridge"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fbz0j951mgm7j.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1371/journal.pbio.3004008",
  "fulltext_url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3004008",
  "id": "fbz0j951mgm7j",
  "issns": [
    "1545-7885"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3004008",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1312|Ion channel regulation and function"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Microbiology/Medical microbiology/Microbial pathogens/Fungal pathogens/Candida albicans"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Mycology/Fungal pathogens/Candida albicans"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Eukaryota"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Eukaryota/Fungi/Yeast"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Eukaryota/Fungi/Yeast/Candida/Candida albicans"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Biology and life sciences/Organisms/Eukaryota/Fungi/Yeast/Saccharomyces/Saccharomyces cerevisiae"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Medicine and health sciences/Pathology and laboratory medicine/Pathogens/Microbial pathogens/Fungal pathogens/Candida albicans"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Physical sciences/Chemistry/Chemical compounds/Fluorides"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Physical sciences/Chemistry/Chemical elements/Lithium"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Physical sciences/Chemistry/Physical chemistry/Ions/Cations"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Research and analysis methods/Animal studies/Experimental organism systems/Model organisms/Saccharomyces cerevisiae"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Research and analysis methods/Animal studies/Experimental organism systems/Yeast and fungal models/Candida albicans"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Research and analysis methods/Animal studies/Experimental organism systems/Yeast and fungal models/Saccharomyces cerevisiae"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Research and analysis methods/Microscopy/Electron microscopy/Electron cryo-microscopy"
    ],
    [
      "plos",
      "/Research and analysis methods/Model organisms/Saccharomyces cerevisiae"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7213887589",
  "pdf_url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3004008&type=printable",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-09-21",
  "publisher": "Public Library of Science",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fbz0j951mgm7j.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:17:43Z",
      "native_id": "10.1371/journal.pbio.3004008",
      "source": "plos",
      "url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3004008"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "plos:microbiology",
      "subfield": "microbiology"
    },
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "plos:physical chemistry",
      "subfield": "physical"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Monovalent cations differentially regulate the activity of eukaryotic fluoride channels and impact fluoride resistance",
  "title_text": "Monovalent cations differentially regulate the activity of eukaryotic fluoride channels and impact fluoride resistance",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:17:43Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fbz0j951mgm7j",
  "venue": "PLOS Biology",
  "versions": []
}