{
  "abstract": "Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM)-based hydrogels are \"smart\" materials of great interest and demand, primarily in a variety of biomedical applications, due to their LCST close to physiological temperature. The basic biomedical applications of PNIPAM-based injectable hydrogels include controlled drug delivery, tissue engineering, wound healing, and cancer therapy. This review summarizes the thermal phase behavior of PNIPAM-based systems under different conditions, including different scenarios of physical gelation in polymer solutions and volume phase transitions in chemically crosslinked hydrogels. The thermodynamics of the coil-to-globule phase transition, its relation to gel formation, and mechanisms underlying the phase transitions in PNIPAM-based hydrogels are discussed, as well as external parameters which may affect these processes. Different types of phase diagrams observed for PNIPAM-based systems are considered, with particular attention paid to the cases in which gelation occurs separately from the coil-to-globule transition. The rational design of injectable platforms should be based upon a thorough understanding of the PNIPAM-based system's phase behavior to achieve controllable and reproducible properties.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, 8-2 Trubetskaya St., 119991 Moscow, Russia.",
    "Equipe Chimie des Polymeres, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moleculaire, Sorbonne Universite, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Cedex 05 Paris, France.",
    "School of Natural Sciences, Physics, University of Galway, H91 CF50 Galway, Ireland.",
    "CÚRAM, Research Ireland Centre for Medical Devices, University of Galway, H91 W2TY Galway, Ireland.",
    "Department of Biological Chemistry, Sechenov University, 8-2 Trubetskaya St., 119991 Moscow, Russia."
  ],
  "article_type": "review article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Svetlana L Kotova",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7011-4503"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Valeriya S Kukanova",
      "orcid": "0009-0003-9645-9325"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Sergei V Kostjuk",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7466-3662"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yuri M Efremov",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7040-253X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Yury A Rochev",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4213-9476"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Anastasia A Frolova",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1073-2611"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Peter S Timashev",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7773-2435"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fcbwmn3vwdhbz.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/gels12100930",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13704275",
  "id": "fcbwmn3vwdhbz",
  "issns": [
    "2310-2861"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42929964",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1313|Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7212113461",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13704275?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13704275",
  "pmid": "42929964",
  "published": "2026-10-15",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fcbwmn3vwdhbz.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:22:01Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42929964",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42929964"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:1313|Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Thermal Phase Behavior of PNIPAM-Based Hydrogels: Different Scenarios and Implications in Injectable Hydrogel Design.",
  "title_text": "Thermal Phase Behavior of PNIPAM-Based Hydrogels: Different Scenarios and Implications in Injectable Hydrogel Design.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:22:01Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fcbwmn3vwdhbz",
  "venue": "Gels (Basel, Switzerland)",
  "versions": []
}