{
  "abstract": "Climate change is impacting the ocean and the services it provides, but the rate of change is not spatially uniform. Some areas, known as marine climate refugia, are less impacted by climate change and, if conserved, can provide a promising climate adaptation strategy. In this review, we synthesize the processes that create refugia conditions and the scientific approaches used to identify them, which fall into three main categories: low climatic exposure, ecological resilience, and habitat suitability. These approaches are applied across levels of biological organization and multiple temporal and spatial scales, reflecting the dynamic nature of the ocean. We show that integrating these approaches into conservation and management can support climate-smart strategies to enhance ocean resilience and biodiversity under intensifying climate threats.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO, CSIC), Balearic Oceanographic Center, Group of Ecosystem Oceanography (GRECO), Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain; Hopkins Marine Station, Oceans Department, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA; School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA. Electronic address: marina.sanz@ieo.csic.es",
    "Hopkins Marine Station, Oceans Department, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA; MasKelp Foundation, Monterey, CA, USA",
    "Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA; Coastal and Marine Sciences Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA",
    "Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO, CSIC), Balearic Oceanographic Center, Group of Ecosystem Oceanography (GRECO), Palma, Balearic Islands, Spain",
    "Marine Science Institute, University of California Santa Barbara (UCSB), Santa Barbara, CA, USA; Moore Center for Science and Solutions, Conservation International, Arlington, VA, USA",
    "Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, 001-0021, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan",
    "Arctic Research Center, Hokkaido University, 001-0021, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan; International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 99775, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA",
    "International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 99775, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA; National Biodiversity Future Centre (NBFC), Palermo, Italy",
    "Hopkins Marine Station, Oceans Department, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA; Stanford Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA",
    "Hopkins Marine Station, Oceans Department, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA; MasKelp Foundation, Monterey, CA, USA; Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, School of the Environment, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia. Electronic address: n.arafehdalmau@uq.net.au"
  ],
  "article_type": "review",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 12,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Marina Sanz‐Martín",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9777-5894"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Carolina Olguín‐Jacobson",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7063-8363"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Jessica A. Bolin",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9868-7511"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Carla Quiles-Pons",
      "orcid": "0009-0005-8859-7191"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Isaac Brito‐Morales",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0073-2431"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Jorge García Molinos",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7516-1835"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Manuel Hidalgo",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-3494-9658"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Irene D. Alabia",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-4336-6876"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Elena Gissi",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1666-8772"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Mikaela Provost",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-8301-515X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Fiorenza Micheli",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6865-1438"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9
      ],
      "name": "Nur Arafeh‐Dalmau",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9053-0037"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fd2kaqjatjs4s.bib",
  "cited_by": 8,
  "doi": "10.1016/j.tree.2026.04.007",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "fd2kaqjatjs4s",
  "issns": [
    "0169-5347",
    "1872-8383"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2026.04.007",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2303|Coral and Marine Ecosystems Studies"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7161290794",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": "42140822",
  "published": "2026-05-15",
  "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fd2kaqjatjs4s.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T13:26:58Z",
      "native_id": "W7161290794",
      "source": "openalex",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2026.04.007"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:2303|Coral and Marine Ecosystems Studies",
      "subfield": "ecology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Identifying marine climate refugia to advance climate-smart conservation",
  "title_text": "Identifying marine climate refugia to advance climate-smart conservation",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-06T13:20:42Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fd2kaqjatjs4s",
  "venue": "Trends in Ecology & Evolution",
  "versions": []
}