{
  "abstract": "Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP), caused mainly by human papillomavirus types 6 and 11 (HPV6/11), can persist despite the absence of recognized systemic immunodeficiency. We reanalyzed three transcriptomic datasets using the same predefined immune-gene programs: paired papilloma and autologous laryngeal mucosa from 12 patients, single-cell RNA sequencing from papillomas of four RRP donors and pharyngopalatine mucosa from three controls, and paired papilloma samples from 17 patients before and after INO-3107, a DNA immunotherapy encoding HPV6/11 antigens and interleukin-12. In untreated tissue, cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8)- and natural killer (NK)-associated cytotoxic program scores were lower and the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) suppressive program score was higher, reproducing findings from the same cohort. The lower cytotoxic pattern was not reproduced within the recovered combined T-cell and NK-cell population, although no single-cell comparison remained significant after correction for multiple testing. After INO-3107, CD8- and NK-associated cytotoxic, T helper 1 (Th1)/interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3)-associated trafficking program scores increased significantly, whereas TGF-β and M2-like suppressive programs showed no comparable statistically supported change. Together, these findings show that different components of the local immune response do not change in parallel and support a model of selective treatment-associated immune remodeling. This pattern may inform future biomarker and combination-treatment studies.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Research and Development Center, Regional Specialist Hospital in Wroclaw, 51-124 Wroclaw, Poland.",
    "Laboratory of Phage Molecular Biology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland.",
    "Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland.",
    "Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-479 Poznan, Poland."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 5,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Natalia Jędruchniewicz",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-6515-5762"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Tomasz Klimek",
      "orcid": "0009-0006-1283-8187"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Hanna Klimza",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-1652-9040"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Krystyna Dąbrowska",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1518-3183"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Małgorzata Wierzbicka",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0006-6352"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fev3kec8dv9qp.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/v18101080",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13709832",
  "id": "fev3kec8dv9qp",
  "issns": [
    "1999-4915"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42944000",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2713|Cervical Cancer and HPV Research"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7214892930",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13709832?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13709832",
  "pmid": "42944000",
  "published": "2026-09-30",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fev3kec8dv9qp.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:22:24Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42944000",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42944000"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2713|Cervical Cancer and HPV Research",
      "subfield": "epidemiology-public-health"
    }
  ],
  "title": "HPV6/11 Persistence and Treatment-Associated Immune Remodeling in Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis: A Cross-Cohort Transcriptomic Analysis.",
  "title_text": "HPV6/11 Persistence and Treatment-Associated Immune Remodeling in Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis: A Cross-Cohort Transcriptomic Analysis.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:22:24Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fev3kec8dv9qp",
  "venue": "Viruses",
  "versions": []
}