{
  "abstract": "Electrolyte balance plays a fundamental role in maintaining physiological homeostasis, as ionic fluctuations regulate cellular excitability, osmotic gradients, and neuromuscular signaling. Among electrolytes, sodium (Na⁺) is a critical biomarker for hydration status and several pathological conditions, including dehydration and cystic fibrosis. Here, this is the first report of Ti₃C₂T x MXene integrated as a solid-contact transducer on a paper-based screen-printed electrode (MPSPE) for ion-selective sensing of Na⁺ in sweat. The platform combines the sustainability and intrinsic capillarity of paper substrates with the exceptional electrical conductivity and surface reactivity of Ti₃C₂T x MXene. Prior to MXene deposition, oxygen plasma treatment was applied to improve surface hydrophilicity and promote homogeneous film formation. The optimized configuration, based on office paper modified with 3 mg mL⁻¹ MXene, exhibited a near-Nernstian slope of 0.0637 V/decade and an excellent linear correlation (R ² = 0.98) over the tested Na⁺ range (1-150 mM). The calculated limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.35 mM and 1.16 mM, respectively, while the coefficient of variation (%CV) was found to be 7.2%, confirming outstanding repeatability. The electrode demonstrated high selectivity toward Na⁺ over K⁺, Mg²⁺, and Ca²⁺ (log Kpot Na,j < -0.5). Validation with real sweat samples revealed an excellent correlation with the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) reference method (R ² = 0.96, mean correlation ≈ 99%). These results highlight the potential of MXene-modified paper electrodes as a low-cost, disposable, and environmentally friendly analytical platform for point-of-care electrolyte monitoring.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy.",
    "Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.",
    "Center for Neuroengineering and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.",
    "Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples \"Federico II\", Naples 80126, Italy.",
    "Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.",
    "Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration, and Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1910, United States.",
    "Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.",
    "Bioelectronics Task Force at University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 21, Naples 80126, Italy.",
    "Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 7,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Wanda Cimmino"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Md Abu Zahed",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3163-0032"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Michele Spinelli"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Angela Amoresano"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Jimin Jung"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2,
        5,
        4,
        6
      ],
      "name": "Flavia Vitale"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        7,
        8
      ],
      "name": "Stefano Cinti",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-8274-7452"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ffg2ge9emd1dm.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.6c00137",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13693228",
  "id": "ffg2ge9emd1dm",
  "issns": [
    "2694-250X"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42921092",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1502|Analytical Chemistry and Sensors"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7213944348",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13693228?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13693228",
  "pmid": "42921092",
  "published": "2026-09-21",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ffg2ge9emd1dm.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:21:02Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42921092",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42921092"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:1502|Analytical Chemistry and Sensors",
      "subfield": "systems-synthetic"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Ti₃C₂T x MXene-Enhanced Paper-Based Ion-Selective Electrodes for Sweat Sodium Monitoring.",
  "title_text": "Ti₃C₂T x MXene-Enhanced Paper-Based Ion-Selective Electrodes for Sweat Sodium Monitoring.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:21:02Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/ffg2ge9emd1dm",
  "venue": "ACS measurement science au",
  "versions": []
}