{
  "abstract": "The relentless proliferation of the Internet of Things (IoT), wearable bioelectronics, and cyber-physical infrastructure has rendered the conventional electrochemical battery the single most prohibitive bottleneck to long-term, maintenance-free autonomous microsystems. Energy harvesting, i.e. the conversion of ambient mechanical, thermal, and radiative energy into usable electrical power, has consequently emerged as a transformative paradigm to realize perpetual, battery-independent operation. This review critically synthesizes the most significant advances in energy harvesting technologies over the recent period, with a focus on triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), piezoelectric and pyroelectric transducers, indoor photovoltaics, radio-frequency (RF) rectennas, and their multi-source hybrid integrations. We highlight paradigm-shifting breakthroughs, including liquid-solid TENGs that eliminate mechanical wear, nonlinear piezoelectric oscillators that broaden operational bandwidth by over 300%, machine-learning-accelerated material discovery for high charge-density dielectrics, and multiband and broadband RF harvesting enabled by metamaterial architectures. Crucially, we move beyond conventional materials-centric narratives to critically interrogate the \"unseen\" system-level bottlenecks: ultra-low-voltage cold-start power management integrated circuits (PMICs), the impedance-matching challenges of hybrid energy sources, and the persistent degradation of micro-supercapacitors and thin-film batteries under realistic field conditions.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": "2609.20157",
  "author_total": 15,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Lyuye Lin"
    },
    {
      "name": "Feng Zhifu"
    },
    {
      "name": "Ermanno Miele"
    },
    {
      "name": "Giuseppe Cantarella"
    },
    {
      "name": "Elena Degoli"
    },
    {
      "name": "Diego Angeli"
    },
    {
      "name": "Lethy Krishnan Jagadamma"
    },
    {
      "name": "Feng Gao"
    },
    {
      "name": "Michele Magno"
    },
    {
      "name": "Ivano Eligio Castelli"
    },
    {
      "name": "Tommaso Ongarello"
    },
    {
      "name": "Chunbo Liu"
    },
    {
      "name": "Roman Krahne"
    },
    {
      "name": "Denis Garoli"
    },
    {
      "name": "Remo Proietti Zaccaria"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fggj1b3vyrvc8.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.48550/arxiv.2609.20157",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "fggj1b3vyrvc8",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.20157",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": "CC0-1.0",
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "arxiv",
      "physics.app-ph"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2210|Innovative Energy Harvesting Technologies"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7213594849",
  "pdf_url": "https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.20157",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-09-17",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fggj1b3vyrvc8.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:22:19Z",
      "native_id": "2609.20157",
      "source": "arxiv",
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.20157"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "physics",
      "origin": "arxiv:physics.app-ph",
      "subfield": "applied-instrumentation"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Energy Harvesting for Self-Powered Microsystems: A Critical Review of Materials, Power Management, and System Integration",
  "title_text": "Energy Harvesting for Self-Powered Microsystems: A Critical Review of Materials, Power Management, and System Integration",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:22:19Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fggj1b3vyrvc8",
  "venue": "arXiv",
  "versions": []
}