{
  "abstract": "Purpose\n\nImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized advanced urothelial carcinoma (UC) treatment, yet efficacy is limited by immune-related adverse events (irAEs) necessitating treatment termination. Identifying biomarkers to predict irAE susceptibility is a critical unmet need for patient management. This exploratory study sought to identify tumor microRNA (miRNA) expression signatures associated with irAE risk in UC patients treated with ICIs.Methods\n\nWe analyzed a retrospective cohort of 108 UC patients treated with ICI therapy (PD-1 and PD-L1 blockade). Baseline tumor miRNA expression was quantified via RT-qPCR. Statistical analysis was performed to identify associations between baseline miRNA expression levels and the subsequent development of specific irAEs.Results\n\nThe irAE prevalence was high, affecting approximately one-third of the cohort. Low baseline tumor expression of miR-34c-5p and miR-493-5p was significantly associated with an increased risk of developing pneumonitis (p = 0.037) and asthenia (p = 0.027). Furthermore, borderline associations were observed for miR-146a-5p (hepatitis), miR-222-3p (pneumonitis) and miR-641 (anemia), supporting their roles in regulating immune homeostasis.Conclusion\n\nIn this exploratory study, tumor miRNA expression profiles, particularly the low baseline expression of miR-34c-5p and miR-493-5p, suggest a possible relationship with higher risk of developing toxicity during ICI treatments. Although further studies are needed to validate the utility of tumor miRNAs expression as biomarkers of ICI-induced toxicity, these preliminary results remark their possible utility as biomarkers in the clinical management of adverse effects from ICI treatment in UC patients.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Centro Universitario HM Hospitales de Ciencias de la Salud (CUHMED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria HM Hospitales, Universidad Camilo José Cela, Madrid, Spain.",
    "Human Genetic Variability Group, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research-IdiPAZ (La Paz University Hospital-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-Getafe University Hospital-Universidad Europea de Madrid), Madrid, Spain.",
    "Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Sports, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.",
    "Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Department of Medicine, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.",
    "Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.",
    "Department of Pathological Anatomy, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.",
    "Department of Pathological Anatomy, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Madrid, Spain.",
    "Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Madrid, Spain.",
    "Department of Pathological Anatomy, Hospital Universitario de Móstoles, Madrid, Spain.",
    "Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario de Móstoles, Madrid, Spain.",
    "Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain.",
    "Department of Pathological Anatomy, Hospital Universitario de Fuenlabrada, Madrid, Spain.",
    "Human Genetic Variability Group, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research-IdiPAZ (La Paz University Hospital-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-Getafe University Hospital-Universidad Europea de Madrid), Madrid, Spain. aponovil@ucm.es.",
    "Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain. aponovil@ucm.es."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 16,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Maria Gaibar"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Alicia Romero-Lorca"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Jose María Rodríguez-Piñas"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Margarita Rubio"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "José Manuel Pérez-Ortiz"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Diego Malón"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Susana Hernando"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Isabel Alemany"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        6
      ],
      "name": "Francisca Inmaculada Camacho"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Mercedes Cavanagh"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Patricia Gómez"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9
      ],
      "name": "David Marrupe"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        10
      ],
      "name": "Ana Manuela Martín"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        11
      ],
      "name": "Radia Khedaoui"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Ana Fernández-Santander"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        12,
        13
      ],
      "name": "Apolonia Novillo"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fggxx8rjw4dfc.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1007/s00432-026-06582-x",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13751785",
  "id": "fggxx8rjw4dfc",
  "issns": [
    "0171-5216",
    "1432-1335"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/43009659",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "2730|Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7202205321",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13751785?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13751785",
  "pmid": "43009659",
  "published": "2026-08-11",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fggxx8rjw4dfc.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-12T15:22:43Z",
      "native_id": "MED:43009659",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/43009659"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2730|Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers",
      "subfield": "oncology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Tumor-derived microRNAs as early predictive biomarkers for toxicity induced by immunotherapy in urothelial cancer.",
  "title_text": "Tumor-derived microRNAs as early predictive biomarkers for toxicity induced by immunotherapy in urothelial cancer.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-13T03:20:45Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fggxx8rjw4dfc",
  "venue": "Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology",
  "versions": []
}