{
  "abstract": "Purpose: To quantify, in a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) benchmark, how spatial degradation, temporal acquisition and noise change the error of plane-based pulmonary-artery flow endpoints. Methods: Twenty-two historical, non-converged CFD simulations (11 geometry families) were voxelised at 2 mm with 80 frames per cycle. Simulations with numerical divergence were excluded, leaving 13 (7 families). Fields were degraded to 4 and 8 mm and with noise, plane waveforms were sampled at 20 phases with one-interval averaging, and errors were computed against the noise-free reference waveform on 66 geometric planes. Family-mean paired differences are reported with t-based 95% confidence intervals under an analysis plan fixed in advance. Results: Spatial degradation from 2 to 4 mm increased full-waveform nRMSE by 0.0032 [0.0021, 0.0043], in 7 of 7 families; cycle-mean flow bias accounted for 23% of the squared error, against 60% at 8 mm. With SNR scaled to voxel volume, the increase was not resolved (0.0002 [-0.0012, 0.0015]). Twenty-phase acquisition increased PI error (0.0223 [0.0214, 0.0233]) and diastolic-trough timing error (0.63 [0.52, 0.74] frames) more than spatial degradation, and its point estimates for these endpoints were larger with every recovery method; the nRMSE ordering and peak timing depended on the recovery method. The implementation of the downsampling operator mattered: an alternative, corner-aligned implementation of the same 4 mm degradation gave a larger spatial effect (nRMSE difference 0.0010 [0.0002, 0.0017]). Conclusion: In this benchmark, a 2 to 4 mm degradation produced a small, consistent, mostly shape-related nRMSE increase that depended on the noise model, whereas 20-phase acquisition changed PI error and trough timing more. The results describe benchmark behaviour, not clinical acquisition requirements.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "CIC biomaGUNE, BRTA, San Sebastian, Spain; Universidad del Pais Vasco, Leioa, Spain"
  ],
  "article_type": "New results",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 3,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "A. Zubillaga-Unsain"
    },
    {
      "name": "C. Caballero-Gaudes"
    },
    {
      "name": "J. Ruiz-Cabello"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fhj76pzp6zvhr.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.64898/2026.09.30.755784",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.30.755784v1.full",
  "id": "fhj76pzp6zvhr",
  "issns": [],
  "landing_url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.30.755784v1",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "biorxiv",
      "bioengineering"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2741|Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7216037303",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.30.755784v1.full.pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-09-30",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fhj76pzp6zvhr.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:25:46Z",
      "native_id": "10.64898/2026.09.30.755784",
      "source": "biorxiv",
      "url": "https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.30.755784v1"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "biorxiv:bioengineering",
      "subfield": "systems-synthetic"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Sensitivity of Pulmonary 4D Flow MRI Biomarkers to Controlled Spatial and Temporal Degradation in a CFD Benchmark",
  "title_text": "Sensitivity of Pulmonary 4D Flow MRI Biomarkers to Controlled Spatial and Temporal Degradation in a CFD Benchmark",
  "type": "preprint",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:25:46Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fhj76pzp6zvhr",
  "venue": "bioRxiv",
  "versions": []
}