{
  "abstract": "Objectives: To investigate the relationship between force-induced inflammation and intrinsic mitochondrial apoptosis-associated signaling in periodontal ligament (PDL) tissues during orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) using complementary in-vivo and in-vitro models.\n\nMaterials and methods: OTM was induced in six C57BL/6 mice using a nickel-titanium coil spring delivering approximately 30–35 g of force for 14 days. The contralateral side served as the untreated control. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) assessed tooth displacement. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses evaluated TNF-α, phosphorylated NF-κB, cytochrome c, and apoptotic protease activating factor 1 (APAF1). Human PDL fibroblasts were exposed to 2.0 g/cm2 compressive force for 2, 4, 6, and 24 h. TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 mRNA expression was quantified using RT-PCR.\n\nResults: Micro-CT revealed significantly greater inter-molar distance on the force-applied side than on the control side (0.2350 ± 0.0274 mm vs. 0.0750 ± 0.0187 mm; n = 6; paired p < 0.001). Immunohistochemistry showed increased TNF-α, phosphorylated NF-κB, cytochrome c, and APAF1 immunoreactivity in force-applied PDL tissues. In-vitro, TNF-α and IL-8 mRNA expression increased at 4, 6, and 24 h, while IL-6 expression was elevated at all time points, peaking at 4 h.\n\nConclusions: Orthodontic force induces inflammatory responses and alters mitochondrial apoptosis-associated signaling in periodontal tissues. These findings highlight potential interactions between inflammatory pathways and apoptosis-related molecular events during OTM. Further studies are required to establish whether these molecular changes result in apoptotic cell death.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Histology and Embryology, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8587, Japan",
    "Research Institute of Oral Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, 2-870-1 Sakae-cho Nishi, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8587, Japan",
    "Department of Anesthesiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan",
    "Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India",
    "Department of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics, Faculty of Dentistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 5,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Yoshino Suzuki"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Ujjal K. Bhawal"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Shunichi Oka"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Aman Chowdhry"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Priyanka Kapoor"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fj2xpz5f7j5g5.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1016/j.jobcr.2026.101563",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13735277/",
  "id": "fj2xpz5f7j5g5",
  "issns": [
    "2212-4268",
    "2212-4276"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobcr.2026.101563",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Article"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "3505|Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7224105885",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": "PMC13735277",
  "pmid": "42991114",
  "published": "2026-10-28",
  "publisher": "Elsevier",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fj2xpz5f7j5g5.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-09T12:20:59Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13735277",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobcr.2026.101563"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [],
  "title": "Mechanical force orchestrates inflammatory and apoptosis-associated signaling in periodontal tissues during orthodontic tooth movement using complementary in vivo and in vitro models",
  "title_text": "Mechanical force orchestrates inflammatory and apoptosis-associated signaling in periodontal tissues during orthodontic tooth movement using complementary in vivo and in vitro models",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-09T12:20:59Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fj2xpz5f7j5g5",
  "venue": "Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research",
  "versions": []
}