{
  "abstract": "Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) can destabilize the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis, a fundamental regulator of vertebrate development and metabolism. Pyriproxyfen (PPF), a juvenile hormone analog widely utilized in vector control, is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for application at concentrations of up to 10 µg/L in drinking water; however, its safety profile for vertebrates remains a matter of concern. In this study, we investigated the endocrine and systemic impacts of PPF in adult female zebrafish exposed for 14 days to 1, 10, or 100 µg/L. Histological, hormonal, and transcriptional analyses across the thyroid, brain, liver, and kidney revealed a non-monotonic response centered on the WHO reference application concentration. The 10 µg/L group exhibited the most significant molecular impairment in the thyroid, characterized by the upregulation of slc5a5 (nis), nkx2.1, pax2a, and tshr, while repressing thyroglobulin (tg) expression. Consistent with these molecular alterations, thyroid epithelial disruption was observed at 1 and 10 µg/L. In contrast, exposure to 100 µg/L increased plasma TSH levels and the expression of pituitary tshb and hepatic dio1, suggesting a compensatory response of the HPT axis. Renal morphometry additionally revealed tubular alterations across all exposure groups. Overall, these findings demonstrate a non-monotonic concentration–response centered on 10 µg/L as a key mechanistic feature of PPF toxicity and support further evaluation of thyroid and renal endpoints in ecotoxicological risk assessment.\n\nSupplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-026-38319-1.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil",
    "Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil",
    "Cancer Signaling and Metabolism Group, i3S – Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal",
    "Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal",
    "Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology-LEEx, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 10,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Andressa Pereira Cabral"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Fabricio Pereira dos Santos Maia"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Damáris Barcelos Cunha Azeredo"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Andréa Souza de Jesus Santana"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Lycia de Brito Gitirana"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "John Lennon de Paiva Coimbra"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Denise Pires de Carvalho"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2,
        3
      ],
      "name": "Paula Soares"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Eduardo Rios-Morris"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        2,
        4
      ],
      "name": "Leandro Miranda-Alves",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7832-8717"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fj6vmnmej1a2f.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1007/s11356-026-38319-1",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13719738/",
  "id": "fj6vmnmej1a2f",
  "issns": [
    "0944-1344",
    "1614-7499"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-026-38319-1",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Research Article"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2307|Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7222890577",
  "pdf_url": "https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11356-026-38319-1.pdf",
  "pmcid": "PMC13719738",
  "pmid": "42894109",
  "published": "2026-10-19",
  "publisher": null,
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fj6vmnmej1a2f.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-02T12:23:39Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13719738",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-026-38319-1"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2307|Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals",
      "subfield": "pharmacology-toxicology"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Endocrine and systemic toxicity of pyriproxyfen in adult female zebrafish: disruption of the HPT axis and peripheral organ impairments",
  "title_text": "Endocrine and systemic toxicity of pyriproxyfen in adult female zebrafish: disruption of the HPT axis and peripheral organ impairments",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-03T12:20:45Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fj6vmnmej1a2f",
  "venue": "Environmental Science and Pollution Research International",
  "versions": []
}