{
  "abstract": "Organic solar cells (OSCs) using bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) blends of polymer donors and non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) have garnered considerable attention in recent years. NFAs, especially fused-ring electron acceptors (FREAs) adopting acceptor–donor–acceptor (A–D–A) and A–DA′D–A structures, have contributed most to high-efficiency OSCs, pushing the power conversion efficiency (PCE) to over 20%. The rapid advancement of novel FREAs is primarily driven by their tunable molecular architectures, broad absorption characteristics, and the ability to finely adjust energy levels and molecular packing through chemical modification. Typically, FREAs consist of coplanar fused aromatic ring systems serving as donor (D) cores, flanked by two highly electron-deficient acceptor (A) end groups. In this review, we summarize recent advances in heteroatom engineering on central fused-ring cores in FREAs for high-efficiency OSCs. The influence of heteroatom incorporation on light absorption, energy levels, electron mobility, and overall photovoltaic performance is systematically discussed. Furthermore, some new guidelines are proposed for future molecular design in the aspect of light absorption, fill factor, driving force, and voltage loss. Finally, we present an outlook on the remaining challenges and highlight promising directions toward the commercialization of OSCs.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Chemistry, SRM University-AP Amaravati Andhra Pradesh-522240 India",
    "Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology M. Strzody Street 9 Gliwice 44-100 Poland",
    "Centre for Organic and Nanohybrid Electronics (CONE), Silesian University of Technology S. Konarskiego Street 22b Gliwice 44-100 Poland",
    "Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, UMR CNRS 8180, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay Versailles 78035 France",
    "Polymers and Functional Materials Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Uppal Road, Tarnaka Hyderabad-500007 India",
    "Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh-201002 India"
  ],
  "article_type": "review article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 5,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Nizamuddin Shaik"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1,
        2
      ],
      "name": "Bommaramoni Yadagiri",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-0122-9600"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "David Kreher"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4,
        5
      ],
      "name": "Surya Prakash Singh"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Kamatham Narayanaswamy",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-9977-4879"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fj6vxtzg7fnyp.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1039/d6ra07219d",
  "fulltext_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13673525/?tool=EBI",
  "id": "fj6vxtzg7fnyp",
  "issns": [
    "2046-2069"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://hal.science/hal-05838472v1",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "hal",
      "0.chim"
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    [
      "heading",
      "Chemistry"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2208|Organic Electronics and Photovoltaics"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7222574304",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13673525/pdf/?tool=EBI",
  "pmcid": "PMC13673525",
  "pmid": "42890570",
  "published": "2026-10-16",
  "publisher": "Royal Society of Chemistry",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fj6vxtzg7fnyp.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:01Z",
      "native_id": "hal-05838472",
      "source": "hal",
      "url": "https://hal.science/hal-05838472v1"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:25Z",
      "native_id": "PMC:PMC13673525",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13673525"
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    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-01T12:23:40Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13673525",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1039/d6ra07219d"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "chemistry",
      "origin": "hal:0.chim",
      "subfield": "general"
    }
  ],
  "title": "A comprehensive review on heteroatom engineering in fused-ring electron acceptors: from molecular design to device efficiency",
  "title_text": "A comprehensive review on heteroatom engineering in fused-ring electron acceptors: from molecular design to device efficiency",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-02T12:20:54Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fj6vxtzg7fnyp",
  "venue": "RSC Advances",
  "versions": []
}