{
  "abstract": "In the gold-mining region of Kédougou, Senegal, the co-occurrence of large-scale industrial operations and artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) generates multiple and potentially cumulative pressures on water resources. This study assesses the spatio-temporal evolution of water pollution pressure by comparing historical Environmental and Social Impact Assessments (ESIAs, 2006-2023) with independent field data collected from 43 sampling points between 2021 and 2024. We developed the Water Pollution Pressure Index (WPPI), a composite index integrating contaminant concentrations (As, Hg, Pb, CN−), toxicological weighting (Pi), local water-use patterns (Fi), and proximity to pollution sources with regularization (Di). The WPPI generates a normalized score from 0 to 1, ranging from Class A (Low) to Class E (Critical). Results reveal a consistent descriptive trend toward higher heavy-metal concentrations in recent field measurements compared with historical ESIA data. WPPI scores increased from moderate levels (0.29 - 0.42) in historical ESIAs to very high or critical levels (0.61 - 0.84) in contemporary field measurements. Spatial interpolation using Inverse Distance Weighting identified a “WPPI Pressure Triangle” encompassing the Diabougou-Khossanto corridor, the Falémé River zone, and the Gambia River basin as a priority area for enhanced environmental surveillance. The analysis also identified major methodological gaps in reviewed ESIAs, including limited assessment of cumulative effects, infrequent wet-season sampling, and inconsistent use of international standards such as WHO and IFC guidelines. The WPPI shows potential as an operational decision-support tool for strategic environmental assessment and spatial prioritization. The findings suggest that mining-related water pollution pressure in Kédougou is better understood as a chronic and spatially interconnected issue than as a series of isolated incidents. Further external validation of the WPPI is recommended, together with its progressive integration into regulatory monitoring frameworks incorporating mandatory spatio-temporal surveillance and multi-stakeholder governance.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 5,
  "authors": [
    {
      "name": "Pathé Diéye"
    },
    {
      "name": "Birane Niane"
    },
    {
      "name": "Alassane Thiam"
    },
    {
      "name": "Mouhamadou Moustapha Mbacké Ndour"
    },
    {
      "name": "Mansour Samb"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fj9agbcfamj9f.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.4236/jwarp.2026.1810033",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "fj9agbcfamj9f",
  "issns": [
    "1945-3094",
    "1945-3108"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://hal.science/hal-05838039v1",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "journal",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "hal",
      "0.sde"
    ],
    [
      "hal",
      "0.spi"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2312|Water Quality and Pollution Assessment"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7223178032",
  "pdf_url": "https://www.scirp.net/pdf/jwarp_9405453.pdf",
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-22",
  "publisher": "Scientific research",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fj9agbcfamj9f.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:18:01Z",
      "native_id": "hal-05838039",
      "source": "hal",
      "url": "https://hal.science/hal-05838039v1"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "earth",
      "origin": "hal:0.sde",
      "subfield": "environmental-science"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Development and Application of a Socially Integrated Water Pollution Pressure Index (WPPI) in the Gold-Mining Region of Kédougou, Eastern Senegal",
  "title_text": "Development and Application of a Socially Integrated Water Pollution Pressure Index (WPPI) in the Gold-Mining Region of Kédougou, Eastern Senegal",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:18:01Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fj9agbcfamj9f",
  "venue": "Journal of Water Resource and Protection",
  "versions": []
}