{
  "abstract": "Background: Early-onset diabetes is increasing in South Asia, but the distribution and correlates of diabetes types among young Pakistani patients are poorly characterized. Methods: This cross-sectional study at five tertiary-care hospitals in Lahore and Kasur, Pakistan, included 856 patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes diagnosed at or before 40 years of age, grouped by age at diagnosis (1–10, 11–20, 21–30, and 31–40 years). Factors associated with clinically assigned type 1 diabetes were examined using Firth penalized logistic regression adjusted for age at diagnosis, gender, BMI category, first-degree family history, parental consanguinity, and physical activity. Results: Type 1 diabetes was assigned to 255 participants (29.8%), including 97.6% and 73.6% of those diagnosed at 1–10 and 11–20 years, compared with 21.9% and 10.4% of those diagnosed at 21–30 and 31–40 years. BMI and blood pressure were higher with later diagnosis, whereas glycemic control was uniformly poor (mean HbA1c, 9.1%; p = 0.356). Compared with diagnosis at 1–10 years, the adjusted odds of type 1 diabetes were lower with diagnosis at 11–20 years (aOR, 0.0767; 95% CI, 0.0083–0.3134), 21–30 years (aOR, 0.0083; 95% CI, 0.0009–0.0335), and 31–40 years (aOR, 0.0034; 95% CI, 0.0004–0.0144) and in females (aOR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.24–0.51), and higher with parental consanguinity (aOR, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.36–2.91) and underweight BMI (aOR, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.04–3.70). First-degree family history (aOR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.61–1.48) and physical activity (aOR, 1.35; 95% CI, 0.92–1.98) were not associated with diabetes type. The optimism-corrected area under the curve was 0.846. Conclusions: Clinically assigned diabetes type differed sharply by age at diagnosis and was independently associated with gender, parental consanguinity, and underweight BMI.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Bio-Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan",
    "Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, University of Management & Technology, Lahore 54770, Pakistan",
    "Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Bio-Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan",
    "Department of Health Sciences Technology, National Skills University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"
  ],
  "article_type": null,
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 6,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Muhammad Khurram",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5804-5613"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Muhammad Sohail Afzal",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9807-5710"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Muhammad Tayyab"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Qaisar Raza",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-9983-5670"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Muhammad Arif Nadeem Saqib",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-6365-5520"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Syed Qasim Raza",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-3536-6611"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fj9t3kw0n9e7v.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.3390/jcm15218390",
  "fulltext_url": null,
  "id": "fj9t3kw0n9e7v",
  "issns": [
    "2077-0383"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/15/21/8390",
  "language": null,
  "licence": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "openalex",
      "1311|Diabetes and associated disorders"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7224114387",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": null,
  "pmid": null,
  "published": "2026-10-28",
  "publisher": "MDPI AG",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fj9t3kw0n9e7v.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-30T12:20:01Z",
      "native_id": "10.3390/jcm15218390",
      "source": "crossref",
      "url": "https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/15/21/8390"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:1311|Diabetes and associated disorders",
      "subfield": "genetics-genomics"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Early-Onset Diabetes in Lahore and Kasur Districts of Punjab: A Hospital-Based Study",
  "title_text": "Early-Onset Diabetes in Lahore and Kasur Districts of Punjab: A Hospital-Based Study",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-10-30T12:20:01Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fj9t3kw0n9e7v",
  "venue": "Journal of Clinical Medicine",
  "versions": []
}