{
  "abstract": "Background and Objectives:: Inappropriate antibiotic use can lead to resistance, particularly in Gram-negative bacteria. The aimd of this study was to identify the distribution of Gram-negative bacteria responsible for lower respiratory tract infections and to assess their susceptibility profiles to beta-lactam antibiotics in the periods before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.\n\nMaterials and Methods:: This retrospective cross-sectional study utilized secondary data from WHONET 2022, drawing on a database of Gram-negative bacteria isolated from lower respiratory tract specimens processed at the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, during the period of 2018–2021. Susceptibility to ampicillin-sulbactam, ceftazidime, cefepime, meropenem, and piperacillin-tazobactam was assessed. Comparisons between the pre-pandemic and pandemic periods were conducted using the chi-square test.\n\nResults:: A total of 569 samples were analyzed, comprising 383 samples from the pre-pandemic period (2018–2019) and 186 samples from the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020–2021). Twenty-nine Gram-negative bacterial species were identified before the pandemic, compared with 19 species during the COVID-19 pandemic. Klebsiella pneumoniae emerged as the most common pathogen, with a prevalance of 30.29% before and 27.96% during the COVID-19 pandemic. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in the resistance patterns of Acinetobacter baumannii to cefepime (p= 0.036), ceftazidime (p= 0.018), and piperacillin-tazobactam (p= 0.002). Conversely, no significant differences were observed for K. pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (p > 0.05).\n\nConclusion:: K. Pneumoniae remains the predominant Gram-negative pathogen causing lower respiratory tract infections, whereas A. baumannii shows an increased disease burden and resistance during the COVID-19 pandemic. This underscores the importance of continuous surveillance of antimicrobial resistance.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia",
    "Department of Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 3,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Conny Riana Tjampakasari"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Reyhan Afif Sucahyo"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Dimas Seto Prasetyo"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fmb0bgj6zv11c.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.18502/ijm.v18i5.22863",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13738255/",
  "id": "fmb0bgj6zv11c",
  "issns": [
    "2008-3289",
    "2008-4447"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.18502/ijm.v18i5.22863",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Original Article"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "2726|Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7219880160",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": "PMC13738255",
  "pmid": "42992187",
  "published": "2026-11-06",
  "publisher": "Tehran University of Medical Sciences",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fmb0bgj6zv11c.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-09T12:23:16Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13738255",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.18502/ijm.v18i5.22863"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2726|Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria",
      "subfield": "infectious-disease"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Distribution of gram-negative bacteria in lower respiratory tract infections and their susceptibility patterns to beta-lactam antibiotics during the COVID-19 pandemic",
  "title_text": "Distribution of gram-negative bacteria in lower respiratory tract infections and their susceptibility patterns to beta-lactam antibiotics during the COVID-19 pandemic",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-09T12:23:16Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fmb0bgj6zv11c",
  "venue": "Iranian Journal of Microbiology",
  "versions": []
}