{
  "abstract": "Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), encompassing ulcerative colitis (UC), Crohn's disease (CD), and IBD unclassified (IBDU), affects over 7 million people worldwide. While incidence has plateaued in higher-income countries, it continues to rise in lower- and middle-income regions, including Latin America. Data from northern Central America remain scarce. To characterize the clinical and phenotypic profile of IBD in Honduras, El Salvador, and Guatemala. The Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Northern Central America Research and Epidemiological Study (IBD-NCARES) was a multinational, multicenter descriptive study spanning 15 years. Cases were identified using ICD-10 codes and confirmed by chart review. Sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical variables were collected. Among 277 patients, UC was the predominant subtype (57.8%), highest in Honduras (71.4%). CD accounted for 11.9% of cases, with greater frequency in Honduras (25.7%). IBDU was frequent in El Salvador (40.3%) and Guatemala (38.2%) compared with Honduras (2.9%). Delayed diagnosis (>1 year) occurred in 35% of UC and 60.6% of CD patients. Complicated CD was observed in 54.5% (B2 30.3%; B3 24.2%). Extraintestinal manifestations included vascular (18.2%) and hepatic/pancreatic (9.1%) complications. Most patients received 5-aminosalicylates or systemic steroids. Only 5.1% of the overall cohort received advanced therapies. This first multinational study of IBD in northern Central America highlights UC predominance, high rates of IBDU (likely inflated by incomplete diagnostics), frequent diagnostic delay, and limited use of advanced therapies. These findings underscore the need for regional registries, improved diagnostic capacity, and expanded therapeutic resources.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.",
    "Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.",
    "Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.",
    "Department of Medicine, University of Nevada Reno, Reno, NV, United States.",
    "Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidad Autonoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.",
    "Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital General San Juan de Dios, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala.",
    "Department of Medicine, Universidad Evangelica de el Salvador, San Salvador, El Salvador.",
    "Instituto Salvadoreño del Seguro Social El Salvador, San Salvador, El Salvador.",
    "Secretaria de Salud de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.",
    "Honduras Medical Center, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.",
    "Department of Medicine, Cook County Health, Chicago, IL, United States.",
    "Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States.",
    "Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Roosevelt, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala.",
    "Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States."
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 17,
  "authors": [
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Eleazar E Montalvan-Sanchez",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-7178-0724"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        1
      ],
      "name": "Michael Dougherty",
      "orcid": "0000-0003-4823-5418"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Dalton Norwood",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-5408-560X"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Aida Rodriguez-Murillo",
      "orcid": "0000-0001-7553-8401"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Kathya Jimenez"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Daniela M Montalvan-Sanchez"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        5
      ],
      "name": "Luis A Najera",
      "orcid": "0009-0006-2217-2104"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Blanca A Avalos-Quijano",
      "orcid": "0009-0006-8715-0731"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Oscar G Avelar-Escobar"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        8
      ],
      "name": "Marco A Calix-Cerrato",
      "orcid": "0009-0002-9379-1026"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        9
      ],
      "name": "Gustavo A Ramos-Aguilar"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        10
      ],
      "name": "Daniel Guifarro"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        11
      ],
      "name": "Jeffrey Freidenson",
      "orcid": "0009-0004-4751-1921"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        12
      ],
      "name": "Candida Leiva"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        13
      ],
      "name": "Douglas Morgan",
      "orcid": "0000-0002-1136-0963"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Deborah Proctor"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0
      ],
      "name": "Alexander N Levy"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fmsp28n9nsa48.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1093/crocol/otag106",
  "fulltext_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13716489",
  "id": "fmsp28n9nsa48",
  "issns": [
    "2631-827X"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42953891",
  "language": "eng",
  "licence": "CC-BY",
  "licence_label": "CC BY",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "AcademicSubjects/MED00260"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "AcademicSubjects/MED00760"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "AcademicSubjects/MED00972"
    ],
    [
      "heading",
      "Observations and Research"
    ],
    [
      "openalex",
      "1311|Inflammatory Bowel Disease"
    ]
  ],
  "openalex": "W7224284154",
  "pdf_url": "https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC13716489?pdf=render",
  "pmcid": "PMC13716489",
  "pmid": "42953891",
  "published": "2026-10-21",
  "publisher": "Oxford University Press",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fmsp28n9nsa48.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-10-31T00:20:41Z",
      "native_id": "MED:42953891",
      "source": "europepmc",
      "url": "https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42953891"
    },
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-01T12:23:25Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13716489",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1093/crocol/otag106"
    }
  ],
  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "biology",
      "origin": "openalex:1311|Inflammatory Bowel Disease",
      "subfield": "genetics-genomics"
    }
  ],
  "title": "Clinical characteristics and phenotypes of inflammatory bowel disease in Northern Central America: initial results from the Northern Central America Inflammatory Bowel Disease Registry.",
  "title_text": "Clinical characteristics and phenotypes of inflammatory bowel disease in Northern Central America: initial results from the Northern Central America Inflammatory Bowel Disease Registry.",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-01T12:23:25Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fmsp28n9nsa48",
  "venue": "Crohn's & colitis 360",
  "versions": []
}