{
  "abstract": "Background: Detecting and localizing bowel obstruction on upright abdominal radiograph is a challenging task, and ground truth typically relies on imaging examinations, endoscopy or surgical notes within a short time window. The lack of ground truth leads to poor performance on supervised learning. To address this issue, self-supervised learning (SSL) is used to determine the presence and site of bowel obstruction using few labeled samples.\n\nMethods: A total of 1500 labeled and 1922 unlabeled radiographs were categorized based on the ground truth. The SSL model was firstly trained on the unlabeled radiographs, and then fine-tuned on the labeled radiographs. ResNet50 and VGG16 were used for the embedded base encoders, whose weights and parameters were adjusted during training process. Furthermore, it was tested on an external dataset, compared with supervised learning models and human interpreters. Finally, the t-SNE and Grad-CAM were used to visualize the model’s interpretation.\n\nResults: The proposed SSL models showed superior classification performance (VGG16-backboned: accuracy of 0.846, MCC of 0.873, Kappa of 0.770; ResNet50-backboned: 0.833, 0.860, 0.750), outperformed supervised models (Mean: 0.750, 0.792, 0.625) and a senior radiologist (0.748, 0.791, 0.620). Significant statistical differences were observed between VGG16-backboned SSL model and supervised models, as well as human interpreters (P < 0.05). Additionally, the SSL model exhibited better cluster performance through t-SNE and demonstrated outstanding lesion recognition ability through Grad-CAM.\n\nConclusions: The proposed SSL model exhibited outstanding performance in determining the presence and site of bowel obstruction on upright abdominal radiography based on unlabeled images and limited ground truth, indicating the potential of SSL for computer-aided diagnosis of diseases that are difficult and time-consuming for labeling.\n\nSupplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-026-02671-y.",
  "abstract_shown": true,
  "affiliations": [
    "Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 899 Pinghai Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006 China",
    "Suzhou Clinical Centre of Digestive Diseases, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006 China",
    "Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006 China",
    "Department of Ultrasound, Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China",
    "Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006 China",
    "Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong SAR China",
    "Department of Geriatric Medicine, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215028 China",
    "Department of General Surgery, Jintan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213299 China"
  ],
  "article_type": "research article",
  "arxiv": null,
  "author_total": 9,
  "authors": [
    {
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        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Shiqi Zhu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        2
      ],
      "name": "Ruijie Li"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        3
      ],
      "name": "Mingrui Zhu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        4
      ],
      "name": "Zhou Huang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        5
      ],
      "name": "Jiaxi Lin"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        6
      ],
      "name": "Jielu Zhou"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        7
      ],
      "name": "Yu Wang"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Chunfang Xu"
    },
    {
      "affs": [
        0,
        1
      ],
      "name": "Jinzhou Zhu"
    }
  ],
  "bibtex": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fn675xa9mf4mg.bib",
  "cited_by": 0,
  "doi": "10.1186/s12880-026-02671-y",
  "fulltext_url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13749971/",
  "id": "fn675xa9mf4mg",
  "issns": [
    "1471-2342"
  ],
  "landing_url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-026-02671-y",
  "language": "en",
  "licence": "CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0",
  "licence_label": "CC BY-NC-ND 4.0",
  "licence_source": "article",
  "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/",
  "metadata_licence": null,
  "native_subjects": [
    [
      "heading",
      "Research"
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      "openalex",
      "2718|Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education"
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  "openalex": "W7202090678",
  "pdf_url": null,
  "pmcid": "PMC13749971",
  "pmid": "43004196",
  "published": "2026-08-10",
  "publisher": "BMC",
  "ris": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fn675xa9mf4mg.ris",
  "sources": [
    {
      "first_seen": "2026-11-14T12:22:38Z",
      "native_id": "PMC13749971",
      "source": "pmc",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.1186/s12880-026-02671-y"
    }
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  "subjects": [
    {
      "field": "medicine",
      "origin": "openalex:2718|Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education",
      "subfield": "epidemiology-public-health"
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  ],
  "title": "Self-supervised learning for determining the presence and site of bowel obstruction on upright abdominal radiography",
  "title_text": "Self-supervised learning for determining the presence and site of bowel obstruction on upright abdominal radiography",
  "type": "peer-reviewed",
  "updated_at": "2026-11-14T12:22:38Z",
  "url": "https://research.draconitic.com/paper/fn675xa9mf4mg",
  "venue": "BMC Medical Imaging",
  "versions": []
}